LMS.

Sooty Blotch-Forms on fruit an oliveblack superficial growth in distinct round colonies, or often merging together. Spray with Bordeaux as for Scab, or with limesulphur 1 to 50. Repts. 1909-10, p. 592; 1911, p. 367.

Blight-See Pear.

Spray Injury-Takes the form usually of burn
on leaves and russeting on fruit. Is most likely
to occur after second and later sprayings.
Worst in wet seasons. Spraying in bright sun-
shine may cause some scorch of fruit on sunny
side. Varies greatly with different sprays.
Avoid those known to be injurious or injurious
combinations (as soap and lead arsenate); use
Bordeaux only for first summer treatment or on
varieties not especially subject to russeting.
Rept. 1911, p. 360.

Winter Injury-Takes various forms from
different conditions, such as imperfect ferti-
lization or russeting of fruit following late
spring frosts; sun scorch of trunks due to
mild winter weather followed by sudden
cold; bud and twig killing, frost cracks in
trunks, blackened wood, dead roots, etc.,
following unusually cold winters or unfav-
orable environment. Set out only hardy

varieties; avoid planting in wet ground or on hillsides with
extreme south or southwest slopes. Head trees low; avoid late
fertilization and cultivation; keep earth tight around trunks; use
cover crops. Repts. 1903, p. 303; 1906, p. 310; 1914, p. 6.

Storage Rots-Are troubles caused by a variety of fungi.
Store fruit, in a dry condition, in a cool well aired place.
Do not
store in too deep piles or too tight receptacles. Use poorer
keeping varieties first, and sort over if necessary. Apples from
well sprayed trees keep best. Rept. 1915, p. 426.

General Treatment for Apple Orchards.

For the general control of fungi and insects on apples in Con-
necticut we make the following recommendations:

(1) Winter treatment (spraying dormant trees) is necessary
only in the case of the presence of the San José scale, or leaf-
blister mite, when commercial lime-sulphur, 1-9, or miscible oils,
1-15, may be used.

(2) As a rule, three summer treatments with a fungicide are
necessary to control the fungous diseases, and the last two of
these should contain an insecticide. These sprayings should be
made as follows: 1st, just before the blossoms open, on the
young unfolding leaves (April 27th to May 10th, according to
the season and variety); 2nd, as soon as all the blossoms have
fallen (May 10th to 30th); 3d, about one month later (usually
June 10th to 25th).

(3) Where fungi are not prevalent, especially scab, the first summer treatment may be omitted. Occasionally, perhaps in

INJURED

HEALTHY

59

alternative years, where fungi are quite inconspicuous, the fungi-
cide may be entirely omitted, and only the two sprayings with
lead arsenate for insects given.

(4) For fungicides, we recommend Bordeaux mixture of the
4-4-50 strength for the first spraying, and of the 1-4-50 for the
second and third sprayings; or commercial lime-sulphur, used at
a strength of 1 to 1 gallons per fifty gallons of water, for all
three sprayings. The former has better fungicidal value, and the
latter is less likely to produce spray injury, especially russeting
of the fruit. Where fungi are prevalent, the former might be
used, while with varieties russeting badly, as Baldwin, the latter
is likely to prove more satisfactory; or use strong Bordeaux for
first spraying and lime-sulphur for second and third.

(5) For the insecticide in the above, use lead arsenate, if in
the paste form at the rate of three pounds per fifty gallons of
the mixture, or if in the powder form one and one-half pounds
per fifty gallons.

(6) If canker worms, tent-caterpillar, bud-moth, or brown-
tail moth are causing damage, add lead arsenate to the first
summer treatment, and if aphids are present nicotine solution
should also be included. Nicotine solution may be added to any
of the subsequent treatments to destroy aphids, red bugs,
tarnished plant bug, etc.

Insects.

Fungi.

ASPARAGUS.

Asparagus Beetles, Common and 12-spotted -Adults and larvae devour the foliage. Cut everything clean during the cutting season; afterward spray with lead arsenate. 1902, p. 172; and 1903, p. 276.

Repts.

Asparagus Miner-Larvae tunnel under
epidermis of stem near base, causing prema-
ture death of plant above ground. Burn in-
fested stalks. Rept. 1906, p. 303. -

Rust-Produces (most conspicuous stages) small reddish or black elongated pustules scattered over stems. In fall, carefully gather and burn all stems from affected beds and escaped plants in vicinity. In gathering for market cut below the ground, as protruding stems offer opportunity for development of first stage of the fungus. Spraying with Resin Bordeaux partially controls the disease, Begin spraying the latter but this is difficult and expensive. part of July and repeat about every 10 days until the middle of September. Thorough cultivation and fertilization, with plenty of humus in the soil, are advocated as beneficial. Grow varieties most resistant to the disease and select seed for new stock from resistant individuals if found. Repts. 1896, p. 281;

1904, p. 313.

Insects.

ASTER.

Blister Beetles-Three or four species feed upon the flowers, the black one being commonest. Practice hand-picking and cover choice plants with mosquito netting.

Fungi, etc.

Yellows Shows in the yellowed and
often imperfectly developed foliage and one-
A physiological trouble
sided blossoms.

whose cause is not definitely known. Buy best seed; transplant
only healthy plants and have soil conditions good. Repts.
1903, p. 306; 1914, p. 413 (26).

Smuts Are of two kinds, covered and loose, both largely destroying the infected spikes and changing them into black, sooty structures, in the latter kind easily dissipated. Treatment, see Oats and Wheat. Rept. 1903, p. 306.

Insects.

BEAN.

Green Clover Worm-Occasionally green, wriggling caterpillars riddle the leaves in June and July. Dust string beans with air-slaked lime or other fine powder. Spray shell beans with lead arsenate. Rept. 1908, p. 828.

Weevils-Adults lay eggs in the pods in the field
and continue to breed in the dried seed, finally
rendering it unfit for food or for planting. Fumi-
gate the seed with carbon disulphide, or heat in
oven for 1 hour between 120° and 150° F. Bull.
195, p. 6.

Anthracnose Shows on leaves and pods as roundish discolored areas, often with a purplish border. Save seed from pods showing no spots and plant these by themselves, selecting each year seed from unspotted pods for the seed crop and using remainder for general crop. Destroy all infected seedlings. Where very troublesome spray with Bordeaux, beginning when plants are only a few inches high and repeating about every 10 to 14 days until pods are forming. Rotation and destruction of old vines may prove helpful in keeping the trouble in check.

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Blight-Appears much like anthracnose, but with discolored areas usually having more of a translucent or watery character. Treat same as anthracnose.

Repts. 1898, p. 262; 1903, P. 307.
Downy Mildew-Forms dense, white, woolly
growths on pods and less luxuriantly on young
stems and leaves of the Lima bean. As the fungus
usually appears first and most vigorously in low
moist places, the land used should be high or well
Serious only in years unusually moist
drained.
Spray with Bordeaux,
after the middle of July.
beginning about the middle of July, and repeat
every 10-14 days until the first part of September.
Rept. 1905, p. 278.

Rust-Produces small, round, reddish or black, dusty out-
breaks, usually on the leaves. Plant varieties not likely to rust.
Burn the old infected plants in the fall. Rept. 1903, p. 308.

Insects.

BEET-CHARD.

Leaf-Miner -A small fly lays eggs in the leaves, and the larvae tunnel or mine between upper and lower surfaces. Practice clean cultivation. Destroy all infested leaves. Destroy all plants of the weed known as "lambs quarters" in which this insect breeds. Practice late fall plowing.

Fungi.

Leaf Blight-See Mangel. Rept. 1903, p. 309.

Eelworms.

BEGONIA.

con

Leaf-Blight Eelworm - Produces spicuous dead areas on the leaves of Begonias (especially var. Cincinnati), ferns, etc. Spots vary in size and shape according to host and disposition of larger veins. Buy healthy stock only; keep infected plants by themselves and give them plenty of room; keep leaves as dry as possible and pick off and burn worst infected. Rept. 1915, p. 455.

Insects.

BIRCH.

Tussock Moths-See Apple, Hickory, and Horse Chestnut.
Birch Leaf-Skeletonizer or Birch Bucculatrix-Small greenish-
yellow larvae feed upon both sides of the leaves in late summer,
often entirely defoliating the trees. Spray with lead arsenate in
July. Rept. 1910, p. 701.

Bronze Birch Borer-Grub makes spiral tunnel just beneath
bark of upper main branches, ridges showing on outside. Cut
and burn infested trees before May 1st.

Insects.

BLACKBERRY.

Blackberry Crown Borer-Larva tunnels in roots and at base of stem. Dig out and destroy.

Red-Necked Cane Borer-Larva tunnels in canes causing an irregular swelling or gall, often three inches in length. Cut and burn all infested canes in winter or early spring.

་་་་་

Blackberry Sawfly-Larvae devour leaves in June and first part of July. Spray about June 15th with lead arsenate. Rept. 1912, p. 236.

Fungi, etc.

Crown Gall-Forms hard galls or irregular excrescences on
roots and lower parts of stems of blackberries, raspberries and
several other hosts. Dig out and burn affected plants as soon as
discovered. Never use infected stock for transplanting. A bac-
terial trouble. Rept. 1903, P. 354.

Leaf Spot-Forms on leaves small circular spots with whitish
center and purplish border; also occurs on dewberry and rasp-
berry. Not usually serious but where necessary it probably can
be controlled by Bordeaux applied to the leaves, beginning before
they have reached their full size. Rept. 1903, p. 309.

Insects.

Orange Rust-Breaks out in spring or
early summer as dusty masses of bright
orange spores over the under side of the
leaves. The fungus is perennial in the
underground parts of the host, so that the
disease appears year after year.
and burn infected plants. Rept. 1903,

P. 309.

BOX.

Dig up

Leaf-Miner-A small two-winged fly lays eggs in the leaf and the larvae tunnel between the upper and lower surfaces. Destroy infested leaves. Fumigate the plants with hydrocyanic acid gas.

Cabbage Worm-Green worms feed upon
leaves all through season. Spray unheaded
plants with lead arsenate. Use insect powder
or hellebore on headed plants. Bull. 190, p.
9; Rept. 1903, p. 271.

Cabbage Looper-Smooth looping cater-
pillars feed with cabbage worms late in
summer, and require same treatment. Bull.
190, p. 12, Rept. 1910, p. 706.

Cabbage Maggot-Infests stems of early-
set plants near surface of ground checking
growth and often killing them. Practice crop
rotation. Place hexagonal tarred paper disks
Treat with
around stems at setting time.
carbolic acid emulsion. Bull. 190, p. 3; Repts.
1908, p. 832; 1914, p. 142; 1915, p. 114.

Cabbage Aphis-Sucks sap from the leaves. Spray with nicotine solution or kerosene emulsion. Bull. 190, p. 14.

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