sive trade with Britain and France, in which the exports to the former are always greatest, and the imports from the latter. For Portugal and Spain we discover the imports to be in general double the exports. Russia and Sweden exhibit the same results, the former falling off in exports from us, and the latter in imports to us. The imports from China range from two to five times the value of exports. Italy takes from us but half the amount we import from her. The exports to Netherlands and Hanse Towns, always exceed the imports thence, sometimes twofold. The imports from Mexico and exports to her, have greatly declined, the former always greatest. The imports from South America and Hayti exceed the exports; in the former case by one-half. The Austrian Lloyd's List, in an article founded upon official documents, sums up the foreign commerce of Europe. We have taken 10,000 as a unit, and the proportionate parts of which will represent the commerce of each State. COMMERCE OF EUROPE. Places not enumerated 55 | Sweden and Norway 110 | Russia .. 120 Hamburg 300 390 140 Holland.. 500 It will thus appear that the trade of England is about twice as great nearly as that of all the rest of Europe together. The whole European mercantile marine, without including the coasting trade, comprehends 260,000 vessels, measuring in all 33,493,000 tons. The total amount of merchandise carried in them, $2,387,153,000. The following tables founded upon the reports of the Treasury Department and other authentic data, have been prepared with great pains and labor. They will exhibit in one view the entire commerce of our country, from the Revolution until the present day. Previous to 1790, it should be remarked, there was no establishment for obtaining accurately the whole exports and imports of the country; and previously to 1821, the particulars of our trade were scarcely at all given. During the Revolution we had no trade; nor any with any other nation than Britain, of much consequence, from the close of the war until 1789. TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES WITH ENGLAND. 1781.... £749,345.... £3,679,467 Imports. 1787.... £ 893,637. Exports. £2,009,111 1788. 1,023,789. 1,886,142 1789.... 1,050,198.... 2,525,298 We should have been pleased to have introduced, upon our commercial treaties with foreign powers, some observations, but the present article is already too extended. Indeed we have not been able to obtain the work of Mr. Smith, thus alluded to in McGregor's Legislation, &c. "In compliance with a resolution of Congress passed 3d March, 1831, a digest of the existing commercial regulations of foreign countries with which the United States have intercourse, was ordered to be published. The execution of this arduous work was entrusted to a very competent publicist, Mr. John Spear Smith, and the first volume published in 1833, and the whole as far as information could then be collected in four volumes, in 1836." IMPORTS AND EXPORTS UNITED STATES FROM 1790 To 1846. Years. IMPORTS. Total value of Retained for 1790... $23,000,000....$22,460,844... $19,666,000... $ 539,156... $20,205,156 ... 8,495,127.... 38,527,236 1813.... 22,005,000.... 19,157,155.... 25,008,152. 2,847,845.... 27,855,997 1814.... 12,965,000. 12,819,831... 6,782,272.... 145,169.... 6,927,441 1815....113,041,274....106,457,924.... 45,974,403.... 6,583,350.... 52,557,753 1816....147,103,000....129 964,444.... 64,781,896....17,138.556.... 81,920,452 1817.... 99,250,000. 79,891,931... 68,313,500. 1818....121,750,000....102,323,304.... 73,854 437. 1819.... 87,125,000. 67,959,317.... 50.976,838. 1820.... 74,450,000. 56,441,971. 51,683,640. .... .... .19,358,069. 87,671,569 19,426,696 93,281,133 19,165,683. 70,142,521 .... 18,008,029 69,691,679 .... 42,387,002.... .53,179,019. 95,566 021 101,536,963 108,343,150 43,992,586. 9,433,546 . 12,997,414. 22.430,960 52,203,231 .24,391,295. 66,757,974 .16,022,790. 61,316,831 .21,302,488. 61,974,382 1822.. 83,241,511. 1823.. 77,579,267. 1824. 80,549,007. 1825.. 96,340,075. 60,955,309 49,874,185 22,286,202. 72,160,387 59,462,029 14,387,479. 73,849,508 .103,191,124.. 83,157,598.... 61,277,057. ........20,033,526.. 81.310,583 .101,029,266.. 76,989,793. 63,137,470 .24,039,473.. 87,176,943 108,118,311. 88,295,576.... 70.317,698.... 19,822,735.. 90,140,433 126,521,332. 103,208,521. 81,034,162....23,312,811....104,336,973 1831.... 1832. 1833.... 1834.... 1835.... 149,895,742....129,391,247....101,189,082....20,504,495....121,693,577 1836....189,980,035....168,233,675....106,916,680....21,746,360....128 663.040 1837. 140,989,217....119,134,255.... 95,564,414....21.854,962....117,419,376 1838....113,717,404....101,264,804.... 96,033,821. 12,452,795. 108,486,616 1843.... 64,753,799. 58,201,092. 77,793,783 108,435,035. 96,950,168. 99,715,179 117,254,564. .101,907,734.... 99,299,776....15,346,830....114,646,606 1844.... 1845.. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE STATES. 402 Exports and Imports of the Principal States. EXPORTS. Yrs. Mass'tts. New York. Pennsylva. Maryland. Virginia. S. Carolina] Georgia. 17912,519,651 82,505,465 $3,436,093 & 2,239,691 $3,130,865 $ 2,693,268 $ 491,250 Alabama. Louisiana. 1797 7,502,047 13,308,064 11,446,291 1798 8,639,452 14,300,892 8,915,463 1799 11,421,591 18,719,527 1800 1801 1802 1903 1804 1803 9,811,799 4,908,713 6,505,118 644,307 14,298,984 4,010,748 4,596,732 4,516,406 4,657,938 9,025,785 22,777,649 4,334,422 3,340,185 8,254,937 20,119,011 4,804,465 3,787,431 7,213,194 19,697,983 4,291,793 3,791,492 4,791,614 7,733,763 25,535,144 5,513,713 4,308,647 4,150,475 11,993,768 26,000,945 3,516,066 4,499,918 4,510,650 9,683,122 25,395,117 4,078,951 4,062,467 4,467,587 1834 10,148,820 25,512,014 3,989,746 4,168,245 5,483,098) 1835 10.043,790 30,345,264 3,739,275 3,925,234 6,064,063 11,338,016 8,890,674 1836 10,384,346 28,920,438 3,971,555 3,675.475 6,192,040 13,694,376 10,722,200 1837 9,728,190 27,338,419 3,841,599 3,789,917 3,702,714 11,220,161 8,935,041 9,104,862 23.008,471 3,477,151 4,524,575 3,986,228 11,042,070 8,803,839 9,276,085 33,268,099 5,255,415 4,756,561 5,187,196 10,385,426 5,970,443 10,186,261 34,264,090 6,820,145 5,768,768 4,778,220 11,487,343 33,139,833 5,152,501 4,947,166 5,630,286 1942 9,807,116 27,576,778 3.776,727 4,904,766 3,750,386 1843 4,431,691 13,443,234 2,071,945 2,820,214 1,954,510 1944) 9,095.286 32,861,540 3,535,256 5,133,163 2.942,279 10,351,030 36,175,298 3,574,363 5,221,977 2,104,581 7,554,036 4,358,504 1,527,112 10,284,380 8,322,561 6,270,040 4,261,555 1,376,363 11,728,997 6,550,712 3,104,425 1,182,559 11,947,400 8,175,586 4,981,376 1,693,958 12,396,060 7,627,031 5,336,626 2,294,594 15,488,692 6,575,201 3,959,813 2,413,894 16,761,989 7,752,731 5,515,883 2,736,387 16,530,930 4,527,961 18,941,373 8,434,325 11,207,778 5,670,797 26,557,524 7,574,692 36,270,823 11,184,166 37,179,828 9,671,401 35,328,697 9,688,244 31,502,248 10,338,159 33,181,167 10,036,769 6,862,956 12,854,690 34,236,936 10,981,271 34,387,483 9,965,675 28,404,149 11.157,460 26,653,927 9,907,654 30,498,307 27,157,495 15.068,233 7,131,867 11.630.111 7,857,033 813,823 2,510,860 774,349 9,360,371 5,701,869 577,142 15,050,715 6,995,285 913,462 8.469,882 4.910,746 545.085 2,058,870 491,428 1841 20,318,003 75,713,426 10,346.698 6,101,313 377,237 1,557,431 1942 17,986,433 55,875,604 7,385,858 4,417,078 316,705 1,359,465 1843 16,789,452 31,356,540 2,760,630 2,479.132 187,062 1,294,769 1844 20,296,087 65,079,510 7,217,267 3,917,750 267,654 1,131,515 305,634 1845 22,781,024 70,909,095 8,159,227 3,741,804 230,470 1,113,158 206,301 473,491 9,354,397 1,106,814 2,801,361 573,222 651,618 15,117,649 609,385 14,020,012 2,318,791 776,068 524,548 9,496,808 3,086,077 413,987 895,201 12,064,942 574,651 10,673,690 449,007 530,819 10,256,350 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE OTHER STATES. Average Exp. Average Imp. Maine.....1820-39.. $647,672.. $995,231....1839-46.. $1,023,930.. $685 148 These tables have been drawn up by us with great care and labor. The reader will for himself deduce those conclusions, which a want of space prevents us from introducing into the article. The imports of Florida, previously to 1839, for several years averaged near $200,000, and the exports $100,000; the amounts in 1816 were $107,863 and $1,514,745; Missouri is first named as an importer in 1833, Mississippi in 1836, having exported from the early part of the century; the first imported in 1845, 854,429, the second $733; Kentucky and Tennessee imported in 1845, $17,469 and $6,929, the export in the one having been in 1802, $626,000, and the other $443,000. diana exported in 1804, $17,320. In EXPORTS OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PRODUCTS OF THE YEAR ENDING JULY 1, 1845. Whole export of the year, $114,646,606, of which the value of $4,782,464 only was in imported articles dutied and entitled to drawback. IMPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE YEAR ENDING JULY 1845. The United States have enacted, since the establishment of the government, thirty-one tariffs of duties, general or special in their nature. The first tariff was that of July 1789, the ad valorems of which were 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15 per cent., and a discrimination of 10 per cent. on the gross amount of duty was made in favor of American shipping. The tariff of 1790 was intended as further provision for the payment of our debts; that of 1792, for raising means to defend the frontier, &c.; that of 1794, for adding additional duties; and the ad valorems, in some instances, raised to 20 per cent. The tariffs of 1795, 1797, 1800, were of a similar nature to the last. The tariff of 1804 was to protect our seamen and commerce against the Barbary powers, and to impose more specific duties; that of 1812, continued in act February, 1816, imposed an additional duty of 100 per cent. upon the permanent duties imposed by law; and that of 1813 taxes salt. The tariff of 1816 was levied for revenue purposes, its average duties being higher upon other than the articles now called protected; and it was so arranged as to favor as much as possible the manufacturing establishments grown up during the war and threatened with annihilation at its close. The highest ad valorems of this tariff are 30 per cent., and the system of minimums, as they are called, was introduced upon certain cotton cloths, raising their value by a fiction greatly above the true. These minimums, until 1846, have been preserved. The tariff of 1824 was a high tariff, and intended for the protec |