1964), local station's production of their own programming is decreasing at least as rapidly, averaging only 27% of their broadcasting schedules.

Telecourses, both credit and non-credit, at all levels of instruction are available through television. Recorded television lectures for classroom use are available to educational television stations from the National Center for School and College Television, Bloomington, Indiana, the Great Plains Regional Instructional Television Library, Lincoln, Nebraska, and the Northeast Instructional Television Service, Cabridge, Massachusetts.

Late afternoon, evening and weekend program schedules of ETV stations are intended to meet the needs and interests of many diversified groups. A typical ETV program schedule for home viewing may contain basic education courses for illiterates, English and Americanization for the foreign-born and vocational courses for the untrained. Or, college level extension courses, graduate courses for doctors of medicine or other professional groups. Other program areas are equally varied-documentaries or public affairs forums; children's programming; courses in chess, cooking, homemaking, or typewriting; or drama, music, ballet, art.

NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION

Besides programs produced locally by individual stations, most educational stations are affiliated with National Educational Television (N.E.T.) in New York, which produces 5 hours of new programming each week for distribution to its affiliated stations. The local ETV stations contribute nominal fees to affiliate and receive N.E.T. programs.

ETS PROGRAM SERVICE

The ETS Program Service was established in 1965 at Bloomington, Indiana. It is operated by Indiana University Foundation under contract to Educational Television Stations, NAEB. This service provides an exchange of a variety of programs selected from the best productions originating at local stations. There is a small per-program use charge to offset distribution costs. This nation-wide program distribution facility was made possible through grants from the National Home Library Foundation and the W. K. Kellogg Foundation.

OTHER SERVICES

Regional services are also a major source of supply of educational television programs for in-school courses and general home viewing. The principal regional services are Eastern Educational Network, Boston, Massachusetts and Midwestern Educational Television, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota.

ETV LICENSEES

Noncommercial educational television licenses are granted by the Federal Communications Commission to nonprofit educational organizations "to serve the educational needs of a community; for the advancement of educational programs; and to furnish a nonprofit and noncommercial TV broadcast," "No announcement, (visual or aural) promoting the sale of a product or service" is permitted.

ETV stations must abide by the same technical rules governing commercial television stations. They are subject to the same programming rules, for example controversial issues, equal time for political candidates, and editorializing. Regulations specifically concerning educational television are set forth in Section 73-621 of the FCC Rules and Regulations governing all U.S. broadcasting.

Four general types of licensees operate educational television stations: (1) universities, (2) public school systems, (3) state-wide ETV commissions, and (4) nonprofit "community" corporations. All are tax-exempt under 501-C(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and contributions to them are tax-deductible.

More than 70 ETV stations now on the air broadcast over VHF frequencies (2-13). Most channels reserved by the FCC for future ETV stations are in the UHF band (14-83). Legislation requires all manufacturers of television receivers to include capability for UHF reception on their sets.

ETV STATION FINANCING

The average ETV station spends $360,000 annually, according to the Carnegie Commission survey of station capital outlay, operating costs and sources of income. Some stations have reported budgets as high as $2 million annually. "Financial support for the educational television system is derived from many sources," the Carnegie Commission Report states. "By far the largest of these are state and local governments, acting through school systems, state boards of education or through state universities. For community stations, the funds are usually made available through contracts for the broadcasts of programs to the schools. During the fiscal year 1965-66, state and local governments provided approximately $33.5 million for educational television.

"The Ford Foundation has been, since the inception of educational television one of its prime supporters. . . . Overall, the Ford Foundation has given more than $120 million for the support of educational television. . . . Since (1965) the Ford Foundation has also made available to the (community) stations, on a matching basis, support which has so far totaled (over) $80 million. These grants will terminate shortly. The Ford Foundation granted nearly $8.5 million in this fashion during the fiscal year 1965–66.”

Fund raising activities by community stations and other individual contributions yielded nearly $3 million in fiscal 1965–66, and another $2 million came from corporations. ". . . a variety of other sources contributed $4.4 million during the year," according to the Carnegie Commission Report. "A portion also came through 'underwriting,' in which grants were made in support of specific programs by industrial or commercial organizations which received on-air acknowledgement of their generosity." Various public agencies also pay for production of ETV special programs, such as science, health or career training presentations.

EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION STATIONS

ETS was established in January, 1964, as a division of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters to serve the specific interests of educational television stations in the United States. ETS has the following responsibilities to its membership: (1) preparation of regional and national conferences; representation of ETV station matters to national government and private agencies; compilation of information and reports affecting the national progress of ETV; dissemination of current information to member stations, and assistance with personnel placement. (2) Encouragement for and development of new educational television stations in areas where a need exists. (3) Management of the ETS Program Service to assure availability to ETV stations of an expanding source of quality educational and cultural programs.

ETS is governed by a station-elected Board of Directors, composed of managers of ETV stations. Financial support comes from the stations through annual membership dues. Standing committees and other groups such as the State ETV Authorities study, analyze and report regularly on matters of concern to educational telecasters-program practices and policies, interconnection, labor relations, community antenna television, engineering and copyright.

Member stations also share in the over-all association activities of National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB) which was founded 43 years ago as the professional association for educational, cultural, and public service broadcasting in the United States. Other divisions of the NAEB include Individual Member; National Educational Radio, which operates a nation-wide educational radio network; and Instructional. Among its projects, NAEB conducts the American Samoa educational television program and National Project for Improvement of Televised Instruction. NAEB publications include a bimonthly Educational Broadcasting Review, a monthly Newsletter and special bulletins, Headquarters of ETS, and of the NAEB, are at 1346 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. Telephone (202) 667-6000.

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THE FUTURE

In November, 1965, the Carnegie Commission on Educational Television was established with the endorsement and support of President Johnson. The Commission, composed of fifteen outstanding Americans and chaired by James R. Killian, Jr., Chairman of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was the result of recommendations made by the first National Conference on the Long-Range Financing of Educational Television Stations, sponsored by ETS in December, 1964.

On January 26, 1967 (a few weeks after the President's State of the Union Message in which he emphasized the importance of educational television), the Commission released its report; "Public Television; A Program for Action" (Bantam Books, 1967). The report suggested a new institution, The Corporation for Public Television-a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization to be financed by federal, state and private funds. It recommended expenditure of about $70 million annually by the federal government, to be matched by smaller sums from the other sources. The Corporation estimated that such a plan would enable ETV growth to a system of 240 stations within four years and assure a reasonable level of operating income by that time.

In August, 1966, the Ford Foundation described a new system also intended to aid ETV, making use of a new Broadcast Nonprofit Satellite Corporation. This proposal would allow educational broadcasters free use of satellite inter-station relays when they become available. It also would return net profits, based on selling satellite usage to commercial broadcasters, to national and regional ETV programming.

These proposals, aimed at establishing a strong financial and programming foundation for ETV, gave new promise for its future.

A list of educational television stations presently (March, 1967) on the air appears on the following page.