TABLE 49.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. a For selection of families, see p. 413. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table. This column includes 3 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." TABLE 50.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families see p. 413. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.] a This column includes 3 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." The foregoing tables show that the largest proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers are in families where the husbands' earnings are under $400, while the smallest proportion is shown in families where husbands' earnings are $600 or over. Comparing the native-born and foreign-born, it may be seen that the former shows smaller proportions of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers than does the latter, without regard to earnings of husband. Of the foreign-born races reporting proportions, it will be seen that in families where husband's earnings are under $400, and $600 or over, the largest proportion in each is shown by the Croatian, and the smallest by the Bohemian and Moravian in the former and the Irish in the latter where the English and Swedes show no wives at work or keeping boarders or lodgers; while, in families where husband's earnings are $400 and under $600, the Polish shows the largest proportion and the Lithuanian the smallest. The practice of keeping boarders or lodgers, especially among immigrant housewives, is much more general than engaging in outside employment as the means of supplementing the earnings of the husbands. The following table shows, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers: TABLE 51.-Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families see p. 413. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.] Among the families included in the above tables the proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers is much larger in Kansas City than in either South Omaha or Chicago. While the percentage of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers is considerably higher among the foreign-born than among the native-born families the relative position of the localities remains the same as that shown by the total. As regards the Poles and Germans, it will be noted that each shows, as having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, a larger per cent of wives in Kansas City than in either Chicago or South Omaha, the difference in proportions, however, being much larger among the Poles than the Germans. The Poles, it will also be seen, show a much larger proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers in South Omaha than in Chicago, while the Germans, as in the case of the Bohemians and Moravians, report a larger proportion in the latter than in the former locality. Because of the small number involved the proportion of native-born wives in Chicago who have employment or keep boarders or lodgers is not computed, but as between Kansas City and South Ömaha the proportion reported for the latter is extremely small as compared with that reported for the former locality. The table next presented shows the per cent of wives who have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, according to earnings of husband, locality, and by general nativity and race of head of family. TABLE 52.-Per cent of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families see p. 413. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.] From the foregoing table it will be seen that, with the exception of the German families in which the husbands' yearly earnings are $600 or over, each race reporting, regardless of the earnings of husband, shows a larger proportion of wives who have employment or keep boarders or lodgers in Kansas City than in either Chicago or South Omaha, where percentages are given, the Poles showing a larger proportion in each instance than either, the Bohemians and Moravians or Germans. The Bohemians and Moravians show a larger proportion in Chicago than in South Omaha (none reporting from Kansas City) as regards each specified amount earned by husband, while the Poles show a larger proportion in South Omaha than in Chicago. The German families in which husbands' earnings are under $400 and from $400 to $600 show a larger proportion in Kansas City than in either Chicago or South Omaha; while the families in which husbands' earnings are $600 or over show a larger proportion in Chicago than in either Kansas City or South Omaha. SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The sources of family income, including contributions of husbands and wives, are set forth in detail in the two tables next presented. The first table, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. TABLE 53.—Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Families excluded which report income as "none."] The above table shows that of a total of 970 families studied in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry a very small proportion have no income from husband, while about the same proportion is shown as having an income from wife. A certain proportion is shown as having an income from contributions of children, payments of boarders or lodgers, and "other sources," the percentages ranging in the order named. Comparing the native-born and the foreign-born it will be seen that approximately the same proportions are maintained by each as regards income from husband and from wife, while the foreign-born show larger proportions from each other source. Comparing the foreign-born races individually it will be seen that the Bohemians and Moravians, Irish, and Poles are the only ones showing a proportion as having no income from husband, while the North Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, Slovaks, and Swedes show no income from wife. Each race shows a certain proportion as having an income from contributions of children, which, with regard to the Bohemians and Moravians, English, Germans, Irish, and Swedes, is larger than from any other source except husband. A certain proportion is shown by each race, except the English and Swedes, as having an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, which, as regards the Croatians, North Italians, Poles, and Slovaks, is larger than from any other source except earnings of husband. A certain proportion is shown by each race as having an income from "other sources," which for each race except the Slovaks is as low or lower than that shown from contributions of children, and for each race except the Bohemians and Moravians, English, Germans, Irish, and Swedes is equal to or lower than that shown from payments of boarders or lodgers. The following table shows the proportion of families studied which depend upon each source of income specified, exclusive of all other sources. The presentation is by general nativity and race of head of family. TABLE 54.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent of families having entire income from |