The average yearly earnings of 1,353 individuals, reporting complete data, are $557. The average earnings of the foreign-born is slightly less than that of the native-born of foreign father, while there is a difference of $129 in the average earnings of the nativeborn of native father and the native-born of foreign father, in favor of the former. The English show the highest average earnings of any of the foreign-born individuals reporting, $845, and the Russians the lowest, $400. The following foreign-born races, in the order named, show earnings higher than the average earned by all foreignborn individuals reporting: English, Swedes, Irish, North Italians, Lithuanians, Bohemians and Moravians, and Germans. Of the nativeborn of foreign father the Irish show the highest average earnings, followed by the Poles, Bohemians and Moravians, and Germans, in the order named. Comparing the native-born of foreign father with the foreign-born of the same race, it is seen that with but one exception, that of the Poles, the earnings of the latter are higher than of the former.

Upon information secured from 1,353 individuals, it will be noted that considerably more than half, or 64.9 per cent, receive less than $600 per year, and only 4.1 per cent receive $1,000 or more. A considerably higher per cent of the foreign-born receive less than $600 than of the native-born of foreign father, and a much less per cent of the native-born of native father receive less than this amount than of the native-born of foreign father.

Of the foreign-born it is seen that the highest per cent receiving $1,000 or more are the English, 30.8, while the Slovak, Lithuanian, and Japanese report none as receiving $1,000 or more. The Japanese report the highest per cent receiving less than $600, while the Swedes report the lowest. The Slovaks report the highest per cent receiving less than $400 and less than $200 also, while the English and Swedes report none receiving less than $400. Of the nativeborn of foreign father, the Bohemians and Moravians report the highest per cent, 10, receiving $1,000 or over, while none of the Germans receive this amount. Comparing the foreign-born with the native-born of foreign father, of the same race, it is seen that in the case of the Bohemians and Moravians and the Poles a higher per cent of the native-born receive $1,000 or over than of the foreignborn, while in the case of the Germans and Irish a greater per cent of the foreign-born receive $1,000 or over than of the native-born of foreign father.

The table next submitted shows approximately the average annual earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied. The data are presented by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 40.-Average yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, working for wages, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Upon referring to the above table, it is seen that in each locality the average for the total native-born employees is higher than that of the total foreign-born or the total native-born of foreign father. With the exception of South Omaha, where the average for the total of the second generation is but $2 more than for the total foreign-born, the foreign-born in the other two localities show higher average annual earnings than the native-born of foreign father. The employees of the second generation, as well as those of foreign birth, have the highest average earnings in Chicago, while those of native birth show the highest average in Kansas City. Among the employees of the second generation, the earnings of the Irish are greatly in excess of those of the Bohemians and Moravians, the former showing average annual earnings of $651 in Chicago and $619 in South Omaha, as compared with $554 of the latter in Chicago and $515 in South Omaha. Among the foreign-born, the Bohemians and Moravians and Germans earn more in Chicago than in South Omaha, while the highest earnings for the Irish are shown in Kansas City, and for the Poles in South Omaha. Of the races represented in Kansas City and South Omaha, the highest earnings are exhibited by the Irish, while in Chicago the German operatives show the largest earnings, with the Irish second and the Bohemians and Moravians third. The Poles of Chicago and Kansas City report lower earnings than the other races, also lower earnings than the Bohemians and Moravians and Irish in South Omaha. In this city the smallest earning ability is indicated by the Germans.

The following table shows the per cent of all male employees in the households studied, 18 years of age or over, who were earning under $400 per annum. The exhibit is by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 41.-Per cent of males 18 years of age or over, working for wages and earning under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The

The significant feature of the preceding table is that in each locality, with the exception of Chicago, and in the industry as a whole, a larger proportion of employees of foreign than of native birth are earning under $400, and a higher percentage of native-born of foreign father, or second generation operatives, than of either native or foreign-born in all three localities, as well as in the industry as a whole, are earning less than $400 each year. In the case of the exception noted in Chicago, it is seen that 21.5 per cent of the foreign-born and 23.7 per cent of the native-born earn less than $400 yearly. smallest proportion of native-born, or 11.4 per cent, earning less than the amount specified is shown for Kansas City, while the smallest percentage of the foreign-born, 16 per cent, is shown for South Omaha. A somewhat smaller proportion of the second generation in South Omaha than in Chicago earn under $400. As regards the persons native-born of native father, a much more favorable showing is made as contrasted with the foreign-born or the native-born of foreign father. In Kansas City, only 5.9 per cent of the native-born of native father, whites, and in South Omaha only 6.7 per cent, earn less than $400 each year. Among the foreign-born, the Bohemians and Moravians and Poles show a larger proportion earning under the amount specified in Chicago than in South Omaha, while the Germans in Chicago show a smaller proportion earning under the amount specified than they do in either Kansas City or South Omaha.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the following series of tabulations the average amount and range in amount of family income together with its sources and the relative importance of each source are exhibited. The first table, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 42.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows $781 to be the average income per family for the 970 families studied in this industry. This average, it will be noted, is $5 in excess of that shown for the foreign-born and $143 in excess of that shown for the native-born of foreign father. On the other hand, the native-born of native father, white, show an average family income $74 in excess of that shown for all families studied. Among the foreign-born, the Swedes, English, and Irish, with averages ranging from $1,143 to $1,063, and the Germans and Bohemians and Moravians, with $869 and $816, respectively, each show an average family income in excess of that shown for the total foreign-born, while the Poles, with $720, an average slightly in excess of that of the North Italians or Lithuanians, considerably in excess of that of the Croatians, and largely in excess of that of the Slovaks, show an average family income below that shown for all foreign-born families-the Slovaks reporting an average income of only $525.

As regards the 970 families having a total income under various specified amounts, it will be noted that 22.3 per cent have an income under $500, 58.9 per cent under $750, 79 per cent under $1,000, and but 6.6 per cent $1,500 or over, while 3.2 per cent have a total income of under $300. The foreign-born show a proportion having total income under each specified amount that varies but slightly from that shown for all families. The native-born of native father, white, on the other hand, none of whom have an income of under $300, show a considerably smaller proportion earning under $500 and under $750, a slightly smaller proportion earning under $1,000, and a slightly larger proportion earning under $1,500, than is shown for all families studied. Among the foreign-born it will be noted that no English, North Italians, Lithuanians, or Swedes, and, as compared with 23.1 per cent of the Slovaks, only small proportions of the others have an

income under $300. The Swedes, English, Lithuanians, and Irish show, as compared with the other races, show small proportions of families having an income under $500-the Slovaks, closely followed by the Croatians, showing the largest proportion having an income under this amount. The English and Swedes again show very small proportions, as compared with the other races, having a total income under $750. No North Italians or Slovaks and, with the exception of 15.4 per cent of the Swedes, 20.8 per cent of the English and 23.1 per cent of the Irish, only very small proportions of the other races have a total income of $1,500 or over.

The following table shows the average family income per annum according to locality and general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 43.—Average family income per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 413.]

The data presented in the above table shows that the average yearly income of all the families for whom information was secured is higher in Chicago and lower in Kansas City than in South Omaha. In the case of the native-born this order is reversed, Kansas City and South Omaha each reporting a higher average yearly income than Chicago.

As regards the Irish in several of the localities, it will be noted that the average annual income of the families of this race is only slightly larger in Chicago than in South Omaha, but very much larger than in Kansas City. The Germans, on the other hand, while reporting a higher average family income in Chicago than in the other localities, report a considerably larger income in Kansas City than in South Omaha. The Bohemians and Moravians also show a higher average annual family income in Chicago than in South Omaha, while the Poles, like the native whites of native father, report an average yearly income in Kansas City in excess of that reported for either of the other localities. The Polish families report the smallest average annual income in Chicago and the native white the smallest in South Omaha. The per cent of the families having a total yearly income under $500 is shown in the table next presented according to locality and general nativity and race of head of family.