The table shows that 94.7 per cent of the females reporting complete data earn $1 or more per day, though only 44.5 per cent earn $1.25 or more, and only 18.3 per cent as much as $1.50. Three and eight-tenths per cent earn at least $2 a day, and 6.6 per cent receive $1.75 or more. The foreign-born show a higher per cent earning $1 a day or over than is shown by the native-born, whether of native or foreign father. Native-born of native father report the highest per cent earning $1.25 or over per day, and the native-born of foreign father the highest per cent earning $1.50 or over per day. The foreign-born, however, show the greatest proportions among those earning $1.75 or over and $2 or over per day. Of the native-born of foreign father the women of Irish parentage appear to somewhat better advantage as regards wages than do the Germans, but among the foreign-born the Germans show considerably higher per cents than do the Lithuanians and the Poles. The per cent of the younger female employees, those 14 and under 18 years of age, earning each specified amount per day is next shown. TABLE 32.—Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. * The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent earning each specified amount per day. *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for lost time during the year. The table shows that the greater proportion of the younger female employees earn from $1 to $1.25 a day, only 19.8 per cent earn as much as $1.25, and only 6.3 per cent earn as much as $1.50. The foreignborn show the greatest proportions earning each specified amount, their per cents being much above the general averages for all. The native-born of Austro-Hungarian parentage show very much larger proportion sthan do those whose fathers were born in either Russia or Germany. The females of either German or Russian descent have 48.6 and 35.4 per cent, respectively, earning less than $1 a day. RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY. The progress in earning ability manifested by employees of foreign birth after designated periods of residence in this country is exhibited in the tabulations next submitted. By placing the designated periods 48296°-VOL 13-11-5 of residence under the races it makes possible a study of the advancement in earning ability of each race. TABLE 33.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by race and length of residence in the United States.** (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] 1,416 1,228 3.135 1,608 1,212 404 99.0 72.0 38.9 12.1 2.0 100.0 85.1 57.0 23.2 7.9 730 196 10 or over.. Croatian: Under 5.. 5 to 9... 10 or over. English: Under 5... 5 to 9..... 10 or over. German: Under 5... 5 to 9... Greek: Under 5.. 5 to 9... Irish: Under 5.. 5 to 9... Lithuanian: Magyar: 5 to 9... Polish: Roumanian: 10 or over.. Russian: Under 5.. 5 to 9... 10 or over.. Servian: 5 to 9... 10 or over.. Slovak: 5 to 9... 10 or over. Slovenian: Under 5. 5 to 9.... Swedish: Under 5.. 5 to 9..... 2,205 10 or over. *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for lost time during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The preceding table shows that in most instances the per cent of foreign-born males earning each specified rate per day increases according to length of residence in the United States. Every race, except Irish and Swedish, shows an equal or greater proportion of males who have been in this country from five to nine years earning $1.50 or over per day than those with a residence in the United States of under five years. Bohemians and Moravians, English, Germans, Irish, Lithuanians, Magyars, and Poles show a slightly higher per cent earning $1.50 per day or over who have been in this country from five to nine years than those with a residence of ten years or over. Irish is the only race showing a higher per cent earning $1.75 a day or over who have a residence of from five to nine years than those with a residence of ten years or over. Irish, Magyars, and Swedes show a greater proportion with a residence of from five to nine years earning $2 a day or over than those who have been in the United States ten years or over. Every race shows an increase in the per cent earning $2.50 per day or over for each period of residence. Servians who have been in the United States under five years show a slightly higher per cent earning $3 a day or over than those with a residence of from five to nine years. English, Greeks, Russians, and Slovenians with a residence of from five to nine years show a somewhat higher per cent earning $3 per day or over than those who have been in this country ten years or over. The following table presents the same data as the one preceding, but in a somewhat different form. This table shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over who were earning each specified amount per diem. TABLE 34.---Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.* (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.] *This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for lost time during the year. TABLE 34.-Comparative earnings per day of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States-Continued. The English, Irish, Swedish, Germans, Bohemians, and Moravians show an earning capacity materially higher than that of the other races. The English exhibit the largest percentage, earning a rate of $2 or over per day in the first period and $3 or over in the second and third periods. It will be noted that a very small percentage of the recent races of immigrants show an earning capacity as high as $3 per day. None of the Magyars and less than 1 per cent of the Servians and Roumanians reach this rate. The table indicates a material increase in earning capacity with continued residence in the United States. The percentage of increase is greater among the non-English-speaking peoples than with the Irish and English, and is greater between the first and second periods than between the second and third. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED. In the series of tables which is next presented the annual earnings of heads of families are considered. The first table submitted shows the number and per cent of husbands at work, together with their annual average of earnings. The presentation is by general nativity and race of husband. TABLE 35.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. Of 970 families studied in this industry, information was obtained from 961 husbands, of which number 99.7 per cent are at work, with average yearly earnings of $578. It will be noted from the above table that the entire 100 per cent of husbands of each race, with the exception of the Bohemians and Moravians and the Poles, are at work, these races each reporting a proportion of husbands not at work of less than 1 per cent. As regards the average yearly earnings, it will be seen that of the older immigrant races the English show the highest average, or $865, followed by the Swedes, Irish, and Germans, in the order named, the Germans reporting average earnings of $583; while, of the more recent immigrant races, the North Italians report the highest average earnings, or $644, and the Russians the lowest, or $386. Closely following the North Italians are the Lithuanians, who, in turn, are followed in the order named by the Bohemians and Moravians, Roumanians, Poles, South Italians, Croatians, Slovaks, and Magyars, with average earnings ranging from $605 to $436 per year. The native whites of native father and the Poles of the second generation, it will be noted, show yearly average earnings of $717 and $638, respectively, the average earnings of the native whites exceeding the average earnings of the total foreign born by $153. |