not be achieved by so simple a device as quantitative displacement. Indeed, society has always paid a price of defeat when it has attempted to nurture, through mere descent, a so-called better class superposed on a class of alleged inefficients. A group, a, socially and economically efficient has no guaranty that an offspring group, a', will be likewise superior. What is "good blood" anyhow? It is that blood which manifests the skill and purpose to behave uprightly as a member of civilized society. But behavior can not be calculated in advance like the ephemeris of a comet. It lies outside the realm of any law of heredity as yet disclosed; for in the sequel the first of blood are apt to be last and the last first.

It is too late now to evade the business of defining democracy." The Reconstruction Program of the British Labor Party-probably the most important document which world conditions have brought into existence during the past five years-starts us on the way to a definition by reciting that "the first condition of democracy is effective personal freedom." "Effective personal freedom is a mocking phrase unless it means freedom to choose one's work, to choose one's forms of service, and to live one's life not hindering others and not hindered by others. Whatever it costs of traditions and prejudices and theories democracy requires now that there be no subject race, no subject class and no subject sex. Mr. Dublin does not seem to grasp this idea. He appeals to government, to religion, and to the schools, to return woman to what he believes to be her sphere. But governments, religions and schools do not originate or lead world movements; they follow and if they are wise they accept the inevitable. The movement briefly denoted by

the phrase, "freedom of women," is here because its time had come. Constitutions of governments, creeds of religions, curriculums of schools, are adjusting themselves to its requirements.

A study of the folk-customs of savage tribes has brought to light a system of tabu which amounts to strangerhood between men and women in all relations except the sex relation. The new society, the Great State, will show strangerhood replaced by comradeship. Men and women will together own the earth and together administer human affairs -all human affairs. It is plainly so written on the scroll which evolution unrolls.

WELLESLEY, MASS.

ELLEN HAYES

SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES MEETING AT ST. LOUIS

THE following societies have indicated their intention to meet in St. Louis during ConVocation Week in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science:

Mathematical Association of America.-(Missouri Section.) December 29. President, H. E. Slaught; Secretary, Professor Paul R. Rider, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

American Mathematical Society.—(Chicago and Southwestern Sections.) December 30 and 31. Joint session with Section A on December 30. Acting Secretary, Dr. Arnold Dresden, 2114 Vilas St., Madison, Wis.

American Federation of Teachers of the Mathematical and the Natural Sciences.-Secretary, Dr. William A. Hedrick, Central High School, Washington, D. C.

American Meteorological Society. December 29 to 31; joint meetings with Sections B and E on dates to be announced. Secretary, Dr. Charles F. Brooks, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.

American Physical Society.-December 30 to January 1, in joint session with Section B, Presi dent, J. S. Ames. Secretary, Dr. Dayton C. Miller, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio.

Society for the Promotion of Engineering Edu tion.-President, Arthur M. Greene, Jr. Secretary, Professor Frederic L. Bishop, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Optical Society of America.-January 2. Presi

dent, F. E. Wright. Secretary, Dr. P. G. Nutting, Westinghouse Research Laboratory, East Pittsburgh, Pa.

Association of American Geographers.-December 30 to January 1. President and Acting Secretary, Dr. Charles R. Dryer, Oak Knoll, Fort Wayne, Ind.

National Council of Geography Teachers.— December 29 and 30. President, Albert P. Brig ham. Secretary, Professor George J. Miller, State Normal School, Mankato, Minn.

American Society of Zoologists.-December 29 to 31, in joint session with Section F. Joint session with Ecological Society of America on Tuesday afternoon, December 30. Zoologists' dinner, with address of Vice-president of Section F and moving picture films of Barbadoes-Antigua Expedition by C. C. Nutting, on Wednesday night, December 31. President, C. M. Child. Secretary, Dr. W. C. Allee, Lake Forest College, Lake. Forest, Ill.

Entomological Society of America.-December 29 and 30. President, J. G. Needham. Secretary, Dr. J. M. Aldrich, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

American Association of Economic Entomologists. December 31 to January 2. President, W. C. O'Kane. Secretary, Albert F. Burgess, Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass.

Botanical Society of America.-December 30 to January 1, with joint sessions as follows: Tuesday, December 30, Section G; Wednesday, December 31, American Society for Horticultural Science; Thursday, January 1, 10 A.M., Ecological Society of America, 2 P.M., American Phytopathological Society. On Wednesday night, December 31, will be the annual dinner for all botanists, followed by presidential address. President, J. C. Arthur. Secretary, Professor J. R. Schramm, N. Y. State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.

American Phytopathological Society.-President, C. L. Shear. Secretary, Dr. G. R. Lyman, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

American Society for Horticultural Science.December 29 to 31. President, J. W. Crow. Secretary, Professor C. P. Close, College Park, Md.

Association of Official Seed Analysts.-Will meet on Monday and Tuesday, December 29 and 30. President, H. D. Hughes. Secretary, R. C. Dahlberg, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn.

Ecological Society of America.-December 30 to January 1, with joint session with the American Society of Zoologists on Tuesday, December 30,

and with Botanical Society of America on Thursday, January 1. President, Barrington Moore. Secretary, Dr. Forrest Shreve, Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona.

American Pomological Society.-December 30 to January 1. President, L. H. Bailey. Secretary, Professor Edward R. Lake, Hotel St. Nicholas, Albany, Ga.

American Microscopical Society.-December 30, for luncheon and executive committee and on Wednesday, December 31, for business meeting just following Section F afternoon session. President, L. E. Griffin. Secretary, Professor Paul S. Welch, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

American Nature-Study Society.-December 30. President, L. H. Bailey. Secretary, Dr. Anna Botsford Comstock, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Wilson Ornithological Club.─December 29 and 30. President, Myron H. Swenk. Secretary, Professor Albert F. Gainer, 924 Broadway, Nashville, Tenn.

American Metric Association.-December 29 and 30. President, George F. Kunz. Secretary, Howard Richards, Jr., 156 5th Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science.-Secretary, Dr. C. P. Gillette, Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo.

Society of Sigma Xi.-President, Julius Stieglitz. Secretary, Dr. Henry Baldwin Ward, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

Gamma Alpha Graduate Scientific Fraternity.— President, Norman E. Gilbert. Secretary, Dr. Albert H. Wright, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Phi Kappa Phi.-December 31. President, Edwin E. Sparks. Secretary, Dr. L. H. Pammel, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

Gamma Sigma Delta.-Thursday, January .1. President, C. H. Eckles. Secretary, Dr. L. H. Pammel, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY IN NEW ZEALAND THE Industries Committee of the New Zealand House of Representatives has made the following recommendations for the creation of a Board of Science and Industry:

1. That a Board of Science and Industry be established for the development of national re

sources.

2. That the board be given an assured finance

for five years; it is recommended that it should receive not less than £5,000 for the first year and £20,000 for each of the four following years.

3. That the board shall be representative of the various sections of science and industry.

4. That the board shall, as one of its chief functions, consider all proposals for specific scientific researches, and shall allot to the proper person or persons the duty of conducting such specific researches as it may approve.

5. That in order to avoid centralization, and in the interest of economy, the board, in the carrying out of investigations, shall wherever possible cooperate with the university, college authorities in the various centers, with a view to making the fullest possible use of their staffs and laboratories; there shall also be set up local advisory boards to inquire into, advise and report upon local problems.

6. That one of the duties of the board shall be to advise primary producers, and those engaged in industrial pursuits, as to the results of scientific investigations affecting or calculated to benefit their industries, including processes for the utilization of waste products.

7. That the board shall have power to establish scholarships and also to award bonuses and prizes, with the object of encouraging scientific and industrial research.

8. That the board shall keep touch with government departments and also with scientific and educational institutions, with a view to cooperation in scientific investigation as well as in furtherance of scientific education and of everything which will tend to foster a greater appreciation of the advantages of science, not only by producers, but by the people at large.

RESEARCH IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY THE National Research Council and the American Ceramic Society have established a joint committee for promoting the investigation of scientific problems underlying the ceramic industry, especially by founding a series of research fellowships whose holders shall devote their attention exclusively to these problems. A press statement from the council says:

The ceramic industries, including brick and tile making, and general crockery and glass manufacture as well as ornamental potteries, although among the earliest ones developed by man, have been the last of our great manufacturing industries

1

to reach the status of an applied science. They have been based for centuries on rule-of-thumb methods, trade secrets and individual artistry. As far as their artistic features go science can do little or nothing for them, but in all other ways it can be of great advantage to them.

In sharp contrast to the painfully slow development of these ancient industries is the extraordinarily swift development of such exclusively modern industries as those of synthetic dyes and others entirely based on the discoveries of modern science. The startling success and speed of growth of these are almost entirely the fruit of highly organized scientific research, with methods of scien tific control at young stages of the operations. A famous English scientist is authority for the statement that the capital, large as it has been, which the German dye firms have invested in scientific research has been the best-paying investment which the world has ever seen. It is certain that an or ganized effort to develop the fundamental science of ceramics can have a great influence in advancing the industry.

AWARDS BY THE HENRY DRAPER COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

In accordance with the recommendations of the Henry Draper Committee, the following grants and award of medals have been made by the National Academy:

1. $400 to Dr. S. A. Mitchell, director of the Leander McCormick Observatory, University of Virginia, to complete the purchase of a measuring microscope for use in the photographic determination of stellar parallaxes, on the basis of observations made with the 27-inch refracting telescope. The academy awarded the sum of $250 from the Draper Fund to Dr. Mitchell in 1916 to apply on the purchase of this instrument. The microscope cost $650. The proposed grant of $400 will complete the purchase, in effect making the instrument the property of the academy, and Professor Mitchell will devote an equivalent sum, $400, to the other needs of his parallax research.

2. $300 to Dr. Joel Stebbins, professor of astronomy in the University of Illinois, to assist in the further development and application of the photo-electric cell photometer.

3. $400 to Dr. Frank Schlesinger, director of the Allegheny Observatory, to enable him to test an automatic zenith camera for the determination of terrestrial latitudes with the expectation that the results will be more accurate than any hitherto

obtained by other means. It is proposed that this instrument be mounted at least temporarily at the International Latitude Observatory, Ukiah, California, where the astronomer in charge, Mr. Neubauer, will operate it for a year or two as a labor of love. The grant is needed to install the instrument at Ukiah and to make certain auxiliary apparatus required in its operation.

The Henry Draper Gold Medal has been awarded to Alfred Fowler, F.R.S., professor of astrophysics, Imperial College, South Kensington, London, at the time of the stated meeting in April, 1920, for his researches in celestial and laboratory spectroscopy, which have led to a valuable increase of our knowledge of sunspots, comets and the stars-especially red stars of Secchi's Type III.

ADDRESSES AT THE ST. LOUIS MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

As has been noted here the American Association will hold its seventy-second meeting in St. Louis from December 29 to January 3, under the auspices of the educational institutions of that city. With the period of reconstruction now at hand, and with a larger measure than ever before of general appreciation of the extreme importance and value to the country of scientific research, it is expected that this meeting will be one of unusual interest. The address of the retiring President of the Association, Dr. John Merle Coulter, of the University of Chicago, will be on "The Evolution of Botanical Research" and will be delivered at the opening General Session on Monday night, December 29. The addresses of the retiring vice-presidents of the sections, to be delivered throughout the week, are as follows:

Section 4.-George D. Birkhoff.

vances in dynamics.''

Section B.-Gordon F. Hull.

physics in war and peace.

"Recent ad

"Some aspects of

Section H.-Aleš Hrdlička. "The relations of psychology and anthropology."

Section I.-John Barrett. "New after-the-war phases of practical Pan-Americanism."' Section K.-F. S. Lee. "The untilled fields of public health.''

Section L.-Stuart A. Courtis. "The part played by heredity and maturity as factors conditioning the effects of training.'

Section M.-Henry P. Armsby. "The organization of research."'

On Tuesday night, December 30, Dr. Simon Flexner, president of the association, will deliver a popular lecture, complimentary to the members of the association and affiliated societies and to the general public.

MR. FRICK'S BEQUESTS

WITH the exception of approximately $25,000,000 bequeathed to his family, relatives, friends and employees, the will of Henry C. Frick leaves his estate, believed to be worth approximately $145,000,000, for public, charitable and educational purposes.

Mr. Frick's house and art collection in New York city, which after the termination of Mrs. Frick's life estate are to go to the public, are valued at approximately $50,000,000. An endowment of $15,000,000 is provided to maintain this as 66 The Frick Collection."

Pittsburgh, where much of Mr. Frick's wealth was acquired, receives a tract of about 151 acres of land in the 14th ward of that city for a park and $2,000,000 in trust to maintain and improve the property.

The residuary estate to be divided into 100 shares valued at about $500,000 each, is left to nineteen institutions.

Princeton University recieves thirty of these shares, or about $15,000,000.

Harvard receives ten shares, or about $5,000,000.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology receives ten shares, or about $5,000,000.

Educational Fund Commission Pittsburgh, ten shares or about $5,000,000.

Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, ten shares, or about $5,000,000.

Thirteen shares are given to Mr Frick's

daughter, Helen, "in unqualified and absolute ownership," but with this suggestion: "It would, nevertheless, be agreeable to me that she should dispose of these amounts, that my general purpose in making these legacies should be accomplished, but this is merely the expression of my wish."

Institutions receiving one share or about $500,000 each are as follows:

Red Cross to administer its peace-time activities in the health field. Dr. Peterson served during 1918-1919 as major with the American Red Cross commission on tuberculosis to Italy and had charge of the department of school hygiene. For the previous eight years he had been the director of the Department of School Health in Cleveland, Ohio. He has taken up the work and is located at National

Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home, one share. Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh, one share.

Central Young Women's Christian Association, Pittsburgh, one share.

Uniontown Hospital, in Fayette county, Pa., one share.

Cottage State Hospital, in Connellsville, Pa., one share.

Westmoreland Hospital, in Greensburg, Pa., one share.

Mount Pleasant Memorial Hospital, of Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland County, Pa., one share.

Braddock General Hospital, of Allegheny county, Pa., one share.

Homestead Hospital, of Homestead, Pa., one share.

Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, One share. Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, one share.

Home for the Friendless, Pittsburgh, one share.

Kingsley Home Association, Pittsburgh, one share.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

DR. RICHARD M. PEARCE, professor of research medicine in the University of Pennsylvania under the John Herr Musser Foundation, has accepted the position of director of the newly established division of medical education of the Rockefeller Foundation. Dr. Pearce has sailed for Europe to carry out work in the interest of the foundation.

DR. E. A. PETERSON, of Cleveland, Ohio, has been appointed director of the health service department recently created by the American

DR P. G. ACNEW has resigned as physicist at the Bureau of Standards to become secretary of the American Engineering Standards Committee, with headquarters in the Engineering Building, 29 West 29th Street, New York.

THE National Academy of Sciences has awarded its medal for eminence in the application of science to the public welfare to Mr. Herbert C. Hoover for his applications of science in the conservation, selection and distribution of food. The medal will be conferred at the April meeting of the academy.

WILLIAM ORPEN, will paint a presentation portrait of Sir Clifford Allbutt, president of the British Medical Association, and a mezzotint engraving of the portrait will be executed by Mr. H. Macbeth-Reaburn.

THE annual address of the Entomological Society of America, at its St. Louis meeting, will be given by Dr. J. W. Holland, director of the Carnegie Institute, on the evening of December 30, the subject being "The evolution of entomological science in North America."

PROFESSOR T. L. HANKINSON, of the Eastern Illinois State Normal School, has accepted the position of ichthyologist at the Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station, at the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse. This station was established last May by the legislature of New York as a Wild Life Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt. Professor Hankinson will begin his duties at Syracuse on January 1. During the past five summers he has been working for the college on state fish surveys, in cooperation with Dr. Charles C.