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can be shared more efficiently by medical libraries throughout the nation. Eleven major institutions have been designated Regional Medical Libraries to provide interlibrary loan services to other libraries in their regions.

The interlibrary loan program provides to requestors photocopies of articles from periodicals and brief excerpts from monographs for the purposes of private study, scholarship and research. Single photocopies are provided in lieu of loaning the original literature as a means of safeguarding NLM's archival collection and of assuring uninterrupted availability of the literature of NLM and the resource libraries of the Regional Medical Library network.

The term "systematic reproduction" as used in Section 108 (g) (2) is not defined in the bill, but if it is to be used to describe that reproduction carried out in connection with interlibrary cooperation, such as in the Biomedical Library Network, it will mean the end of this orderly and efficient medical literature exchange.

Section 108 in H.R. 2223 is identical to Section 108 of S. 1361 which was passed by the Senate in 1974. It is important to note that the Senate report which accompanied S. 1361 dealt with this issue of systematic reproduction.

The report indicated that Subsection (g) (2) stipulates that Section 108 does not authorize the systematic reproduction or distribution of copies of articles in periodicals or of small parts of other copyrighted works whether or not multiple copies are reproduced or distributed. Systematic reproduction or distribution occurs when a library makes copies of such materials available to other libraries or to groups of users under formal or informal arrangements whose purpose or effect is to have the reproducing library serve as their source of such material. The report states that such systematic reproduction and distribution enable the receiving libraries or users to substitute the copies reproduced by the source library for subscriptions or reprints or other copies which they might otherwise have purchased for themselves, from the publisher or the licensed reproducing agencies.

The potential effects of Section 108 (g) are unsure; however, as the Senate Subcommittee interpreted "systematic reproduction" in 1974, NLM's present interlibrary loan program might be found to be an infringement of the copyright law if amended as proposed in this legislation.

Although Section 108(a)-(f) appears to allow for the photocopying of journal articles, Subsection 108 (g) (2) threatens to destroy the effectiveness of the biomedical library network and to seriously undermine the ability of local medical libraries to provide medical literature and information requested and needed by the health community. It could in effect eliminate the present practice of interlibrary loans which would seriously impair the dissemination of medical information throughout the nation.

Deletion of Subsection 108 (g) (2) would permit the continuation of an unrestricted flow of medical information among libraries. If deletion is not possible, another approach which might accomplish the goal would be to amend Subsection 108(g) (2) by adding the language underlined below:

(2) engages in the systematic and unlimited reproduction or distribution of single or multiple copies or phonorecords of the same material described in Subsection (d) 80 as to substantially impair the market for, or value of, the copyrighted work.

For purposes of avoiding ambiguity the bill should include explicit definitions of "systematic reproduction" and "fair use."

STATEMENT OF KEVIN J. KEANEY, GENERAL COUNSEL FOR THE FEDERAL LIBRARIANS

ASSOCIATION

The Federal Librarians Association, incorporated in the District of Columbia, is an organization of professional librarians who work in the libraries and documentation centers of the U.S. Government throughout the world. This statement is submitted to express the view of the association relative to the proposed copyright legislation, particularly Section 108(g) (2).

Section 108 permits the reproduction of single copies of certain materials, in certain circumstances, and under certain conditions, by libraries and archives; but paragraph (g) (2) withholds that permission or right in "... cases where the library or archives, or its employee: ... engages in the systematic reproduction or distribution of single or multiple copies of phonorecords of materials described in subsection (d).".

It is the view of this association that this paragraph will, on the one hand, subject the library and the librarian to a liability so serious as to inhibit the

primary purpose of Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution, and on the other hand, provoke by the vagueness of the term "systematic" endless and unprofitable litigation.

Federal librarians and Federal libraries have the duty to serve the public by providing whatever documents are available. We contend that the public interest is best served when the documents are provided subject to the primary purpose of the constitutional provision (“... to promote the progress of Science and the useful Arts. . .") and subject to no more than other parts of Sections 107 and 108. We believe that the "fair use" provisions of Section 107 are sufficient protection to the holder of copyright, buttressed by the more specific provisions of Section 108, but excluding paragraph (g)(2). Librarians do not believe that the public interest is served by unrestricted and unconditional photocopying, but we do believe that the restrictions and conditions contained in other parts of the legislation are sufficient to safeguard the legitimate rights of the holder of copyright. When Congress provided that constitutional protection to holders, we believe Congress intended a "quid pro quo", viz. the fair use of that protected material by the public. We are highly concerned that there seems to be no government defender of that public interest. On the contrary, the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science latest report indicates to us an acceptance of the inevitability of royalties or a licensing agreement. It is no comfort to us that the Register of Copyrights, and the former Register, testified last week before this subcommittee that their first concern is for the "beneficiaries" of the Copyright Office, i.e. authors and publishers. And we are certainly not prepared to agree with the Register that the authors' interest is necessarily the public interest.

Our apprehension about the vagueness of the term "systematic" is confirmed by the report on S. 1361 (no. 93-983) which said ". . . neither a statute nor legislative history can specify precisely which library photocopying practices constitute the making of 'single copies' as distinguished from "systematic reproduction". The report's recommendation that meetings of opposing parties be held to resolve the conflict reminds us that these meetings have already been held many times, without success.

But surely, one asks, "systematic" is a term on which reasonable men can reach an understanding? Aside from the fact that one man's reason is another's intransigence, there is the fact that economics is at the root of the matter. Holders of copyright understandably want more money, and libraries are faced with rising costs in serving the public. The economic damage to holders of copyright is at best speculative, in regard to photocopying, and we share the view of the U.S. Court of Claims that, in regard to medical journals at least, the argument is an "untested hypothesis".1

Every organization, and hopefully, every library, tries to operate in a "systematic" manner, i.e. according to standard operating principles or uniform principles for each task, and must operate thus out of sheer common sense and business necessity. When your office rents and uses a photocopy machine, you are subscribing to a "system": even the production of single copies, no less multiple copies, are part of a "system". In this respect, all library photocpying is "systematic" and thus subject to the restrictions of paragraph (g) (2).

As members of a profession, and employees of government agencies, devoted to public service and the public interest, we ask you to strike from this proposed legislation paragraph (g) (2) of Section 108, on grounds that this paragraph:

(a) contains a term so vague as lead to fruitless litigation,

(b) is against the public interest and the primary purpose of Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution, and

(c) is superfluous in the light of the remaining parts of Sections 107 and 108.

STATEMENT OF JOHN B. HIGHTOWER, CHAIRMAN, ADVOCATES FOR THE ARTS/ ASSOCIATED COUNCILS OF THE ARTS

Mr. Chairman and members of the Committee: I am presenting this statement on behalf of Advocates for the Arts, a program of Associated Councils of the Arts, Inc. (ACA). ACA is a national service membership organization of state and community arts agencies devoted to the protection and advancement of the arts and artists. It represents several hundred widely diverse organizations, ranging from The Metropolitan Opera, to the Alaska State Council on the Arts, 1 Annex. Special Library Sketchbook. S.L.A., N.Y. 1972. 45 p.

to the Fine Arts Council of Florida, to the Siouxland Arts Council of Sioux City, Iowa. Through Advocates for the Arts, ACA is concerned with all of the problems that affect artists, art institutions, and the general public's enjoyment of artistic and cultural works.

ACA acts as a service agency for its members, providing information and assistance to arts councils and arts organizations throughout the United States. ACA member organizations reflect all artistic disciplines and ACA speaks for the management and financial sides of the art world, as well as the creative and innovative artists themselves. Finally, ACA's Advocates program speaks for the arts consumers-those who enjoy art, buy art, view art, and attend the performing arts-in short all who are concerned and affected by the cultural environment of this country.

Advocates for the Arts, through factual and legal research, identifies areas in which action might have a material impact on the rights of arts institutions and individual artists, and areas in which public action might contribute to the enhancement of the cultural life of the community. Advocates intends to act with respect to these areas through public education, drafting of model legislation and litigation. Advocates seeks to accomplish the sharpening of public consciousness of the way in which law affects our cultural life and determines the aesthetic character of our surroundings.

Advocates have identified several areas of immediate concern. One of these areas relates to the economic rights of the creative artists. My statement to you today urges this Committee to take full cognizance of the significant adverse impact on the arts which would result from copyright legislation which fails to place reasonable restrictions on the permissible scope of photocopying copyright material.

The recent conclusion of the United States Supreme Court case of Williams and Wilkins Company vs. The United States where the Supreme Court by a four to four deadlock let stand a lower court decision permitting rather wide spread photocopying of copyright works, makes more immediate the need for reasonable controls. Unfortunately, judging from the commentaries following the United States Supreme Court decision, institutions feel they have an expanding license to make widespread photocopy use of copyright works. While we do not believe such license was necessarily created by the recent court decision, it being limited to the specific facts presented, the climate is such that action by this Committee is urgent and necessary.

We are concerned about the formulation of legislation which would formalize the concept of "fair use" so as to encourage wholesale library reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works.

Those who create artistic works are necessarily threatened. Without copyright protection against unauthorized distribution of photocopies of their created works, creative artists can have no assurance of being paid for their efforts. The language of HR 2223 (and S. 22 in the Senate) governing the "fair use" of copyrighted material, if adopted, would be a major step toward the economic protection for originators and creators of work from excessive reproduction. We heartily endorse the provisions of Section 108 and urge its adoption by the 94th Congress. Any attempt to erode or undermine the limitations on "systematic reproduction" of copyrighted works, will, in our opinion, greatly reduce the effectiveness of the entire bill. We join the Authors League, and other interested parties, in urging the committee to resist any efforts to delete Section 108(g) from HR 2223.

Unfortunately, the potential for harm to the creative artist from an overly liberal photocopying provision is very real. Under the law as developed by the Williams and Wilkins case, it appears that complete articles may be photocopied from a magazine and distributed on a widespread basis without any royalty payment to the copyright owner. However, without specific limitations, we are fearful that institutions will conclude if an article from a scientific journal can be reproduced and distributed, why cannot a short story or a poem from a literary magazine also be reproduced and distributed? Why not a musical composition from a workbook of musical scores? Indeed, why not a photographic magazine or a magazine anthology of art reproductions or lithographs? Why should the copier be limited to magazines? Why should it not be permitted to reproduce the same poem, short story, musical composition, photograph, drawing, or lithograph from a paperback book or a hardcover book? Further, in the mind of the photocopier, it might seem to be of no significance that the literary or artistic work is extracted

from a collection of works by a single poet, short story writer, composer, photographer, painter, or lithographer, or from an anthology of works by many artists. In either case, an entire creative work would seem to be just as subject as an entire article from a scientific journal to photocopying and mailing to members of the general public. Instead of coming to the library personally to borrow and read the work, the library will give to the "borrower" a permanent personal copy. However, the composer, poet and short story writer are directly economically dependent on royalty income, based on the sale of their works to those who desire permanent personal copies. The photographer, the painter, and the lithographer jealously reserve reproduction rights to their works and expect to be paid when they authorize reproduction by or for those who desire permanent personal copies.

If institutions will provide copies of specific works by creative artists upon request, why should anybody buy the entire magazine or paperback or hardcover book containing that specific work? Necessarily, publishers will sell fewer magazines and books, artists will receive less royalty income, and their works will be widely reproduced and distributed without authorization from them or compensation to them.

Again, for emphasis, we are not saying that the Williams and Wilkins case created such a broad license. However, that decision was the last authoritative word on the subject of photocopying and has, we are fearful, created an atmosphere of photocopying promiscuousness.

In summary, we believe that an overly broad photocopying provision in the copyright law would be inconsistent with the philosophy of the Constitutional provision authorizing Congress to secure for authors copyright protection in order to "promote the progress of science and useful arts." We therefore recommend that adequate controls be placed on widespread photocopying of copyrighted works so that we retain the incentive for the creative artists to produce the art that is so necessary to the cultural environment of our country.

STATEMENT OF DR. RAY WOODRIFF, Department of CHEMISTRY, MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY

Enclosed is a letter I received from the Mosby Publishing Company concerning HR 2223 and S 22, in particular sections 107 and 108, "Fair Use," and "School and Library Photocopying." As an author, professor, analytical chemist and user of duplicated copyright materials, I was very much alarmed at the effort and money that is being spent to get an unworkable copyright law passed. Duplicating machines will only become more numerous and available in the future and trying to prevent copying of material will serve more to create disrespect for law than it will to force people to buy books from publishers. If the publishers cannot produce books cheaper than they can be duplicated on these machines, book producers should improve their efficiency, not force people to buy their books by working to get a new copyright law passed.

In modern times, not to be able to duplicate a paragraph or a figure for class use without going through a hopelessly complicated release or remuneration system would stifle education and research in this country.

In closing, I very strongly urge you to amend or discard sections 107 and 108 of HR 2223 and S 22.

THE C. V. MOSBY CO.,
St. Louis, Mo., August 8, 1975.

Dr. RAY ALAN WOODRIFF,

Department of Chemistry,

Montana State College, Bozeman, Mon.

DEAR DR. WOODRIFF: Authors and editors are creative people; the manner in which you use knowledge and information to inform others is truly a creative process. It is our opinion that these creative talents deserve to be protected. The Copyright Law of 1909 has provided this protection, and as a consequence your contributions when published have essentially not been used elsewhere without permission.

The advent of copying machines has made it possible to reproduce virtually everything in print. Because of this, and certain outmoded provisions of the Copyright Law of 1909, the United States House of Representatives and Senate Judiciary Committees are currently studying Copyright Revision Bills H.R. 2223 and S. 22. Action on these identical bills will be taken shortly.

57-786-70-pt. 1-18

Of particular concern to us, and hopefully to you, are Sections 107 and 108, "Fair Use," and "School and Library Photocopying."

It is our opinion that these sections of the proposed new law, as written, protect your creative efforts and our investment. These sections will restrict the activities of those who feel that anything in print may be copied and distributed as the copier sees fit-without the permission of, or compensation to, author and publisher alike. We are strongly convinced that your creativity and our investment must be protected. The new law will provide this protection and yet allow wide information dissemination.

Well organized efforts are presently attempting to amend Sections 107 and 108. Such amendments will not provide safeguards against photocopying excesses as outlined above. I am writing to ask your assistance in protecting what I believe to be the correct position, one which truly serves everyone's best interests.

Attached is a list of House and Senate Judiciary Committee members. I am asking you to contact these Committee members as well as your own Congress persons. Your message need not be lengthy, but should emphasize these two points:

1. Much time and effort are expended in producing manuscripts for publication. Sections 107 and 108 represent the result of delicate compromises worked out by a number of groups, and if they are not tampered with, they will meet the "fair use" needs of educators and librarians. If broadened to allow uncontrolled and unrestricted use of copyrighted materials, they will discourage authors, writers, and editors.

2. It is essential that we encourage, sustain, and reward the competitive interplay of ideas. If broader exemptions were to be added to Sections 107 and 108, creative initiative would be stifled. The ultimate sufferer would be the intellectual and imaginative life of the community.

In short, we believe Sections 107 and 108 of H.R. 2223 and S. 22 should be adopted without change!

I would appreciate receiving a copy of your letter. If you wish additional information, I will be happy to supply it by return mail.

With thanks and best wishes, I remain

Cordially,

JAMES B. FINN, Ph. D.,

Senior Vice President,

Research and Development.

We will now stand adjourned.

[Whereupon, at 12:10 p.m., the subcommittee adjourned, to recon

vene at 10 a.m., Thursday, May 15, 1975.]

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