will have to go vote, recess the Committee, and come back, because you are too important to let loose yet. Mr. KOCH AND MR. Torpey, the minimum capital threshold that we keep talking about at 2.5 percent that Fannie and Freddie are subject to is often compared, as we know, to the 4 percent minimum capital standard that banks and thrifts must meet. Do you believe that this is a fair comparison given the riskier set of assets held by banks and thrifts? Mr. TORPEY. I can start with that. I think given the limited assets that the GSE's have that it is probably adequate. I always say within the banks that we always want to have at least 10 percent of any entity coming in, and many times 20 to 30 percent. But on the other hand we are dealing in our area with agriculture, with small businesses, with that thing. So the risks are completely different as far as I am concerned. Chairman SHELBY. Mr. Koch. Mr. KOCH. I think the real issue here is what activities are they getting involved in and the need to have the minimum capital reviewed by their primary regulator. For example, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have secured approval to get involved in A&D lending. A&D lending is land development activity, which is highly risky, involving expertise significantly different than simply investing in one to four family owner-occupied properties, or even owner-occupied apartments. There are zoning issues, there are guarantor issues. These are high-risk investment types. So the 2.5 percent minimum really needs to be weighed in terms of what kinds of new activities are they getting involved in. That is the real issue here. As new activities expand, and they have expanded dramatically without significant regulatory oversight, that is where the capital really becomes critical. Chairman SHELBY. Senator Sarbanes is not going to be able to come back. He has other commitments and we have to vote, so I am going to yield to him now. Senator SARBANES. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. First, I want to thank the panel. We certainly appreciate not only your oral testimony but also the careful work which has obviously gone into your written testimony. I just want to ask one question. I apologize I will not be able to return because we did not expect this vote to happen. The Assistant Secretary of the Treasury spoke at the Heritage Foundation yesterday, which was reported-which actually affected the bond markets as I think you are aware. One of the fellow panelists, in fact the resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute said, the only realistic answer, talking about the GSE's, is to provide more competition in the secondary market. I think the only answer is privatization. I would just very quickly like to get a response of the members of this panel to that proposal, and the concern on the part of some that that objective is floating behind a lot of the discussion on this issue. If I could just quickly get a response. Mr. KOCH. Very quickly, housing in the United States is the best in the world. We are the global envy on housing. Substantially changing the process in terms of privatization, we would not support at this time. We would support additional, however, efforts to assist low-income and moderate-income individuals in this country for enhanced housing opportunities. Senator SARBANES. Mr. Torpey. Mr. TORPEY. We would oppose that. I think Senator Bunning asked the question about the harm to small banks. If you privatize the system, you would have large banks that may have access to that, but I think the real harm here would be the harm to small community banks where we are not going to have access to the same funding that a large national bank would. And quite frankly, these small community banks are so important to these small communities that to privatize that I think would do great harm to the system. Senator SARBANES. Mr. Fishbein. Mr. FISHBEIN. The GSE's were established to perform a very important public mission, not the least of which is to direct increased financing to improve opportunities for affordable housing for lowand moderate-income households and underserved communities, and we think that public mission and need continues and therefore, so should the GSE's. Senator SARBANES. Mr. Couch. Mr. COUCH. First to your issue of competition, the Mortgage Bankers Association has a long-standing policy that more competition is good and that is why we are in support of the Federal Home Loan Banks activities in the mortgage markets. With respect to privatization, we would be opposed to privatization because, as several of the panelists, said the system right now is working well and we would like to keep it doing what it is doing so well right now. Senator SARBANES. Ms. Harrison. Ms. HARRISON. Again, NAR's position is to promote homeownership at every level and to continue to provide mortgage vehicles to effect that goal. The GSE's have this unique homeownership mission that we would continue to support. Quite frankly, I personally feel that private sector would not necessarily have this goal in mind since I would think making a profit would be their primary goal and underserved people would continue to be underserved. Senator SARBANES. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman SHELBY. We do have a vote, and because I have about four or five complicated questions, I would like, if I could, to submit those for the record, give you time, all of you, this panel, time to answer these for the Committee. Would that be agreeable to you? With that, we are going to go vote. We do not know what is going to happen behind that. We thank you for your testimony and we look forward to the answers to these other questions. You help us immensely. Thank you a lot. We are adjourned. [Whereupon, at 12:16 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.] [Prepared statements, response to written questions, and additional material supplied for the record follow:] PREPARED STATEMENT OF JOHN T. KORSMO OCTOBER 23, 2003 Good morning and thank you, Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Sarbanes, and distinguished Members of the Committee. In December 2001, this Committee and the Senate honored me with confirmation to membership on the Federal Housing Finance Board (Finance Board) and President Bush entrusted me with the Finance Board's chairmanship. During my confirmation hearing, both Senator Sarbanes and former Senator Gramm impressed on me-indelibly-their concern over the Finance Board's inadequate performance. In response, I committed myself to leading the Agency to fulfill the intent of Congress in FIRREA and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act-that is, to create a credible arm's-length regulator for the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks). So, I testify today not as an apologist for the Banks and certainly not as a partisan for the Finance Board, but rather as a safety and soundness regulator who takes seriously his oath of office and his promise to this Committee. In that spirit, I offer today my experience as you seek to develop policy for the supervision of the Nation's housing Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSE's). Congress and the Administration are engaged in a worthy effort to ensure proper regulation of the GSE's, and this effort, I believe, would be well-served by seeking a broader context. That is, to craft an appropriate housing GSE regulator, policymakers should thoroughly consider what is to be regulated, both today and in the future. The first question to ask is what today's capital and mortgage markets look like, 70 years after the charters for housing GSE's were cast? What will these markets look like 10, 20, 30 years in the future? And what role or roles should Government Sponsored Enterprises play in those markets? Answering these questions I believe will require a thorough review, necessary to set the stage for a comprehensive reform debate in Congress, with participation by the executive branch, by the housing GSE's themselves and their competitors, and by the public. This review, of course, does not preclude immediate action with respect to the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO). OFHEO's mission could well benefit from budget independence and the granting of the same full powers in use by other banking supervisors, including the Finance Board under the Federal Home Loan Bank Act. The Federal Home Loan Bank Act grants the Finance Board the authority, the independence, and the executive branch voice needed for robust supervision of Government sponsored public trusts. Through FIRREA in 1989 and Gramm-Leach-Bliley a decade later, Congress drew on the lessons of the thrift crisis and the poorly conceived Federal Home Loan Bank Board to shape the Finance Board into a safety and soundness and mission watchdog for the Federal Home Loan Banks, granting the Finance Board all the authority and independence needed to be a world-class regulator. The Federal Home Loan Bank Act provides: • Enforcement authority on a par with other Federal bank regulators; • Flexibility to tighten capital standards and risk monitoring, if needed; • Authority to review and approve new business activities in advance; • Authority to define and monitor affordable housing programs conducted by Federal Home Loan Banks; • Full authority to liquidate a Bank, to establish a replacement, or to merge weakened Banks; The freedom to garner budget resources from the Banks and to deploy them as most needed; and • A direct voice on the Board for the executive branch in overseeing the Federal Home Loan Banks' role in capital markets and mortgage markets. None of these tools is found in OFHEO's statute. These tools should be considered for inclusion if Congress decides, after determining the appropriate future roles of housing GSE's, that a new regulator for some or all of the Enterprises is required. Overview To properly consider the effective oversight of housing GSE's, as now constituted, Congress should proceed on the basis of proposals from the Administration and several Members that seek to increase the tools available to supervise Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. As mentioned, the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, as amended by FIRREA and Gramm-Leach-Bliley, equips the Federal Housing Finance Board with the full set of supervisory tools required for world-class oversight. Increasingly, these powers are aggressively and ably employed by the Finance Board. Because markets are sophisticated and place a premium on actual performance and verifiable information, I do not believe simply changing the name or status of the agency responsible for the Federal Home Loan Bank Act will result in more favorable treatment of FHLBanks by investors. I know of no study concerning Federal thrifts and national banks, for example, substantiating the premise that distinct but effective regulators affect the price of borrowing by Federal thrifts and national banks. As this debate refocuses on substantive and difficult questions, it will be necessary to distinguish the risks inherent in the housing GSE's banking functions, the unique risks associated with housing GSE status, and the nature of possible future problems. It is also important to recognize that remedying the known shortcomings in the 1992 GSE Act regulating Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and/or transferring Federal Home Loan Bank Act authority to a new body will not, in and of themselves, reduce or dilute the potential risks posed by the housing GSE's to the taxpayers and the economy. The housing GSE's are banking enterprises, and banking is an inherently risky business. In the housing GSE sector, these risks and market share are highly concentrated in the two largest enterprises. The housing GSE's have grown exponentially in size, sophistication, and inherent risk as capital and mortgage markets have revolutionized. All 14 housing GSE's now play critical roles in domestic and global capital markets and in U.S. housing markets. That growth, together with the reality of a perceived taxpayer guarantee, make it imperative that the Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae oversight statute be brought up to world-class and that Finance Board administration of the FHLBank Act complete its rapid evolution to world-class. Unique Housing GSE Risks For holding companies, commercial banks, thrifts, and credit unions supervised by Federal banking agencies, the institutions' boards of directors determine the markets to be served, the products to be offered, and the pace of growth or retraction. For housing GSE's, the broad parameters of markets served, products offered, and growth are driven by Congressional charters. These charters were framed in the 1930's and charged the FHLBanks, Fannie Mae, and later Freddie Mac with providing liquidity for lenders making long-term amortizing home mortgages. The housing GSE's were part of a set of New Deal policy innovations, including Federal Housing Administration mortgage insurance and the activities now conducted under the aegis of Ginnie Mae, which have succeeded beyond all reasonable expectations in establishing the long-term amortizing mortgage as the industry standard, creating a secondary market in these loans, and creating a securitization market based on these products. The monopolies granted by both the FHLBank charter and the Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae charters also bear the seeds of systemic risk. Protection from broadly effective competition from other GSE's or fully private firms assists the housing GSE's in accomplishing their missions. But this benefit may also partially shield them from the harsher realities of the marketplace that tend to reward the best capitalized, best managed corporations in a given sector. Closely associated with monopoly privileges is the taxpayer guarantee that appears to flow from the bare fact of Government sponsorship and from the tax exemptions, securities law exemptions, Treasury "line of credit," and other benefits of that sponsorship. Anecdotal but consistent and long-standing evidence indicates that the "implied guarantee" and "agency debt" status are extremely valuable attributes. This distraction from assessing the credit-worthiness of housing GSE's on wholly tangible grounds is another systemic source of risk unique to these 14 Enterprises. Moreover, because the GSE's are expected to serve all markets through all parts of the business cycle, and more importantly, because the fundamental missions and roles have not been recalibrated as fully private firms have successfully followed the GSE's into most mortgage finance products and services, housing GSE's tend to grow without meaningful restrictions. As housing GSE's acquire greater exposure to inherent banking risks through growth, they also are exposed to increased risk as a result of their participation in derivatives, securities, and debt markets which have become more global, more sophisticated, more innovative, and more rapidly-evolving. These factors, weighed with the systemic risks of GSE status, argue that housing GSE risk in the future can only be significantly reduced by curtailing inefficient protections from competition and/or by recalibrating the charters so that housing GSE's actually shrink as fully private firms successfully take over some of the mortgage finance products and services now dominated by GSE's. The safety and soundness regulators of the housing GSE's are not the appropriate bodies for designing or effecting these charter reforms. The Government Sponsored Enterprises, by definition, are charged with accomplishing public objectives through private ownership. Only the public's representatives, the Congress and the Administration, can validly assess the need for future GSE participation in housing finance and capital_markets and assign the benefits and obligations consistent with that need. The Congress and Administration are also the only valid bodies for determining the amount of risk to taxpayers and the national economy appropriate to the contributions of housing GSE's. Once the future roles of housing GSE's are assigned and the appropriate risk level is determined, it should be, as it is now, the duty of the Finance Board, OFHEO, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), or whatever successor agencies Congress and the Administration may create, to police their governance and operations in managing inherent risks and their fidelity to housing GSE charters. The Future of Housing GSE Supervision Mapping the future of housing GSE oversight, properly calibrated to match the future roles and risks of the Enterprises, begins with an honest assessment of the authorities governing the operation of OFHEO and the Finance Board. When Congress established a regulator for Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in 1992, it did not provide OFHEO with all the tools and independence of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), or Federal Reserve. Even taking into account the new product and affordable housing portfolios assigned to HUD, these two housing GSE's are not supervised on fully comparable terms to Federal credit unions, national banks, Federal thrifts, bank holding companies, or, for that matter, the Federal Home Loan Banks. The 1992 GSE Act's deficiencies in funding and in supervision and enforcement tools and flexibility should be addressed. The Administration's proposals and some Congressional proposals largely bring to bear on Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae budget resources and supervisory tools fully comparable to those available to other Federal supervisors of financial institutions. The Administration also makes a common sense and plainly necessary proposal to give the public a role in shaping and overseeing Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, which is similar to the executive branch participation on the Finance Board. As outlined above, the Finance Board already is endowed with the resources, strength, independence, and supervisory scope that mark world-class safety and soundness regulators. But until recently, the Finance Board was not fully discharging the mandates of the FHLBank Act or making full use of its independence and resources. Fortunately, these shortcomings are being rapidly and thoroughly rectified. Today, the Finance Board has more than double the number of examiners on staff when I took the oath of office in December 2001 and my Board colleagues and I began the process of rebuilding the examination and supervision functions at the Finance Board. This corps of 18 examiners will expand to 30 by this time next year and has been supplemented by additional financial analysts, accountants, and risk management specialists. The Finance Board is recruiting and hiring the best and brightest from other Federal banking agencies. The average Finance Board examiner has over 17 years of examination experience, and every examiner is a commissioned examiner, has a professional accreditation, or both. Finance Board oversight has improved in every way and the opportunity to work with the members of the Federal Home Loan Bank oversight team is now becoming a prestige career move. Attached to this prepared testimony is an appendix providing more detail on the new FHLBank supervision program being put in place and the progress made to date. The numbers provided in the appendix are impressive, but more important is the explanation of how the Finance Board has entirely revamped its approach to FHLBank supervision over the past 18 months. Certainly, the Federal Home Loan Bank Act already provides the Finance Board with power to meet any eventuality, and we are fast approaching world-class status in the size and skills, the capacity and sophistication, of our staff and their oversight of the 12 Banks. Mr. Chairman, you asked me to address other specific issues in my prepared testimony. Allow me to do so at this point. |