PAUPERS, English and Irish: 1837-
1845, 356; New York City:
nativity of p., in the past, 356
357
PEARSON, KARL, 226
PENNSYLVANIA, 6, 9, II, 33, 100,
119, 134, 135, 140, 141, 151, 249,
300, 301, 319, 321, 343, 344, 371,
372, 383, 414, 415, 419-422,
428-431, 437, 439, 442, 445, 446,
449,454-456,461, 462, 466, 471-
473, 480, 481, 506, 507, 510-512,
529-531; (See also: Coal Mines,
Bituminous; Coal Mines, An-
thracite); Bituminous coal mines:
days worked, and number of
immigrant miners and laborers,
141; Strikes: 1835-1905, 344
PHILADELPHIA, 25, 363, 372
PITTSBURGH, 24, 306,394, 401-410,
439, 454, 460, 484
PITTSBURGH SURVEY, 164, 306,
395, 399-402, 406, 411-413, 454,
460
PLUNKETT, HORACE, 218
POLAND, 56, 100, 181, 182, 190
POLES, 14, 16, 32, 54, 57, 59,
60, 75, 99, 162, 170, 171, 172,
181, 182, 190, 228, 238, 251, 253,
269, 328, 368, 369, 370, 378, 380,
385, 386, 442, 456, 471; English-
speaking, by years in the U. S.,
78
PRATT, EDWARD EWING, 235-239,
276, 341
PREJUDICE, against immigrants in
the past, 73
QUAINTANCE, H. W., 103, 109, 110
QUALITY OF IMMIGRATION, (See
Immigration)
RACE CLASSIFICATION, fallacy of
the, adopted by the Immigra-
tion Commission, 250
RACE DISTINCTION, dominant idea
of the investigation of the
Immigration Commission, 55
RACE PREJUDICE, motive of oppo-
sition to recent immigrants, 457
RACE SUICIDE, 221-227; Birth rate:
decline of, among the English
aristocracy, 226; decline of,
begins in 1810-1830, 223; native,
decreasing with rural popula-
tion, 224; raising of the standard
of living not necessarily fol-
lowed by an increase in, 227;
Walker's theory of the decline
in the native, 221; Immigration:
unrelated to, 18; Universal:
among social classes not affected
by immigrant competition, 226;
Watson's forecast: of the popula-
tion of the U. S., 222, 223;
World-wide: 224
RACIAL DISPLACEMENT: (See also:
Racial Stratification); Laborers:
none, of native, by immigrants,
156, 157; Miners: none, of
native, by immigrants, 156, 157;
Native Americans: employed in
increased numbers with increas-
ing immigration from Southern
and Eastern Europe, 158, 160;
Negligible: 151, 152, 176
RACIAL STRATIFICATION, 148–176,
150, 151; Massachusetts: 1900-
1905, 173; Occupations: read-
justment on the scale of, 170;
Shifting: of English and Welsh,
Irish and Germans, from lower
paid to more remunerative
occupations, 165
RAILROAD EMPLOYEES, wages of
1891-1909, 304
REAL WAGES, (See: Wages)
RENT, of native American wage-
earners in small towns lower
than that of immigrant workers
in large cities, 255, (See also:
Family Budgets)
RIPLEY, WILLIAM Z., 224
ROBERTS, PETER, 259, 444, 445,
455, 456, 481
ROLLING MILLS, (See also: Iron
and Steel Industry, Iron and
Steel Workers), Laborers:
wages of, 1884-1902, 398; Rates
of wages: classification of em-
ployees by, 1884, 396
Ross, EDWARD A., 140
RURAL DEPOPULATION, 103-104;
migration of native American
stock to city, 104; relative and
absolute, 103
RURAL TERRITORY, decrease of the
population of, 1900–1910, 104
RUSSIA, 32, 69, 71, 181, 349-351;
strikes in, 349
RUSSIANS, 32, 71, 75, 190, 228,
238, 255, 260, 262, 263, 264, 267,
268, 351, 354, 355, 357, 369, 370,
385, 386, 388, (See also: Jews)
SABATH, A. J., 347.
SAVINGS, Of immigrants: disposi-
tion of, does not affect American
wage-earners, 271; investments
in their home countries, 270;
Of wage-earners: small margin
of income left for, 267
SCANDINAVIANS, 1, 16, 178, 196-
201, 355, 386, 520; (See also:
Danes, Norwegians, Swedes);
Competing with new immigrants:
200, 201; Immigration to the
United States: of breadwinners
highest in 1901-1910, 196;
1881-1910, 196; course of, turned
eastward, 198, 199; Increase: of,
in the U. S., by geographic
division, 1880-1910, 197, 199;
In the United States: compared
with Southern and Eastern
Europeans by States, 1880, 1890,
1900, and 1910, 518; Occupa-
tions: 1881-1910, 201; Recent
immigrants: mostly not of the
family type, 198
SCOTCH, 12, 52, 75, 161, 171, 172,
252, 253, 264, 355, 356, 414, 415,
442, 447, 517, 518; immigration
not decreased, 173
SCOTLAND, (See: United Kingdom)
SIMONS, A. M., 62, 63, 115
SLAVS, Food: standards of, com-
pared with United States navy
rations, 257; Organization: ca-
pacity for, 455, 456; Wages: of
unskilled laborers increased,
453, 454
SOUTH ITALIANS, 75, 247, 249,
251, (See also: Italians); Food
expenditures: compared with
Americans generally, 258; with
native white workers in the
South, 258
STANDARD OF LIVING, 228-273,
(See also: Boarders and Lodgers;
Congestion; Family Budgets);
Children's earnings: source of
higher s. o. 1., maintained by
Americans and Americanized
families, 22, 285; Old immigra-
tion: standard low, 64; Race
standard: existence of, not
proved, 264; Recent immigrants:
standard of, not inferior to that
of their predecessors, 19
STEAMSHIP AGENTS, effect of so-
licitation by, negligible, 97
STEEL MILLS, (See: Iron and Steel
Workers; Rolling Mills)
STEEL WORKERS, fatal accidents,
speeding the cause of, 481, (See
also: Iron and Steel Workers;
Rolling Mills)
STEERAGE RATES, effect of recent
increase upon quality of im-
migration, 69
STRATIFICATION,
OCCUPATIONAL,
caste prejudice against the
immigrant, the outgrowth of,
424
STREIGHTOFF, F. N., 246, 248, 255,
276, 294
STRIKE BREAKERS, native Ameri-
cans as, 345; recent immi-
grants as, 346
STRIKES, (See also: Clothing In-
dustry; Cotton Mills; Strike
Breakers; Woolen Mills); An-
thracite coal mines: 1902, 456;
Coal mines: Southern and East-
ern Europeans identified with
every strike in, 447, 448;
Immigrants: have stood by the
unions, 378; Immigration: and,
1886-1905, 345; increasing with,
344; Lawrence, Massachusetts:
392; Massachusetts: 1830-1905,
344; More numerous: since 1881,
343, 344; Pennsylvania: 1835-
1905, 344; Russia: 349; Woolen
ahd worsted mills: comparative
statistics of s. in, 392
SUMNER, HELEN L., 115, 120, 230,
241,363, 364, 365, (See also: Wo-
men in Industry)
SUNDAY WORK, (See: Iron and
Steel Workers)
SWEATSHOPS, Irish, in the '50's
364; older than immigration,
362
SWEDEN, 16, 179, 205-209, (See
also: Northern and Western
Europe); Emigration: from cities
Congestion; Home Ownership;
Housing Conditions); One-family
residence: made over into, 229;
Past and present: in Boston, 241;
Unsanitary conditions: in the
old Irish and German colonies
of New York City, 232
TEXTILE MILLS, percentage of
immigrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe employed,
1880-1900, 379
TRACTABILITY, of old and new
immigrants, 346
TRADE-UNIONS, (See also: Labor
Organizations); mostly confined
to skilled occupations, 346, 377
TWELVE-HOUR DAY, (See: Iron
and Steel Workers)
UNDESIRABLE IMMIGRATION, defi-
nition of, 41
UNEMPLOYMENT, 114-147; Aus-
tralia: 145; Bituminous coal
miners: 132; collated with
variation of the percentage of
foreign-born miners, 134; Causes:
4, 114-125; Coal mines: part
time employment in lieu of u.,
434; Cotton mills: 132; Cyclical
variations: 1888-1908, in Mas-
sachusetts, 138; Factory workers:
u. among, and immigration,
Massachusetts, 139; Foreign-
born: variation of the percentage
of, collated with u., by areas,
130, 131; by geographical divi-
sions, 128; in inverse ratio to u.,
129; Immigration: and u., 125-
147, 432, 433, 434; not a con-
tributory cause of, 145; varies
inversely with, 5; Labor reserve:
124, 125; Manufactures: aver-
age number of male wage-
earners employed, by months,
118; variations by States, 129;
Measure: of, 121, 122; Monthly
variations: in the State of New
York, 1902-1909, 122; Native:
and foreign-born workmen
equally affected by, 125, 126;
Occupational variations: 131;
collated with per cent of foreign-
born, 133, 508; Restriction of
immigration: no relief for u., 35,
490, 491; Remedies: 146;
Seasonal variations: 115; Un-
skilled laborers: 132; Working
days: number of, in New York,
1897-1908, 142, 143; in Penn-
sylvania coal mines, 1901-1909,
UNITED KINGDOM, 178, 209-215,
520-522, (See also: Ireland;
Northern and Western Europe);
Emigration by destination: gross,
1840-1909, 212, 518; net, 1895-
1909, 213, 214; Immigration: to
the U. S., from, 1890-1909,
not below normal, 213
UNITED MINE WORKERS, (See also:
Coal Miners; Labor Organiza-
tions); growth of, 447; wage
conferences with mine operators
in the bituminous coal fields,
439, 450
UNSKILLED LABORERS, (See also:
Agriculture; Family Budgets;
Hours of Labor; Housing Con-
ditions; Illiteracy; Iron and
Steel Workers; Labor Organiza-
tions; Occupations of Immi-
grants; Racial Displacement;
Rolling Mills; Slavs; Unem-
ployment; Woolen and Worsted
Mills); Craft unions: barred
from, 346; interests conflicting
with, 348; Displacement: of
native, by immigrants, none,
156, 157;
Increase: of the
number of, by race and nativity,
1890-1900, 156; Iron and steel
mills: wages rising, 397; Pre-
dominant among the immigrants:
Unskilled laborers-Continued
68; economic reason for, 19;
Rolling mills: wages in 1884-
1902, 398; Slav: food standards,
259; Unemployed: and per cent
foreign-born, 136, 511; Wages:
in agriculture and other pur-
suits, III; in the past, 295
UNSKILLED WORKERS, (See: Un-
skilled Laborers)
WAGE-EARNERS, in manufactures,
1879-1909, 151
WAGES, 284-310, (See also: Coal
Miners; Coal Mines; Conges-
tion; Cotton Mills; Iron and
Steel Workers; Wages and the
Cost of Living; Woolen and
Worsted Mills); Advancing; more
slowly than the cost of liv-
ing, 26; with the employment
of large numbers of immigrants,
24; Agricultural laborers: com-
pared with other unskilled, 110,
III; Clerical help: w. of, low,
304; Coal mines: 305; Cotton
mills: 1875-1908, 375, 376; up-
ward movement of w. since
period of New Immigration,
375; Country competition: daugh-
ters of American farmers work-
ing for less than the cost of
living, 365; native Americans
undercut wages of immigrants,
298; Difference: in, due to grade
of service not to country of birth,
284; not determined by dis-
tinction of race, 288, 289;
Earnings: annual, of male and
female employees in manufac-
tures, and proportion of foreign-
born, in principal States, 300,
301; variation by States, 299;
Immigrants: do not undercut
W., 23, 378; female, earnings
of, higher than those of native
Americans, 370; recently landed,
not engaged at less than the
prevailing rates, 285; Increase:
actual, result of industrial ex-
pansion, 302; hypothetical,
without immigration from
Southern and Eastern Europe,
306; Laborers: in the '40's, 295;
in rolling mills, 1884-1902, 398;
Large and small cities: compara-
tive w. in, 299; Older employees:
w. of, kept up by immigration
from Southern and Eastern
Europe, 309; Past: real w. of
sewing-women lower than to-
day, 364, 365; Railroad em-
ployees: 303; Relation of rent:
to, 250; Scarcity of labor: effect
of, 491; Southern white competi-
tion: tends to keep down the w.
of immigrants in the North, 383;
Statistics: defects of w., 293;
Steel mills: 305; in 1880-1908,
525; Urban and rural manufac-
tures: 298; Worsted mills: at
Lawrence, w. of skilled and
unskilled operatives in, 1889-
1909, 389
WAGES AND THE COST OF LIVING,
in Massachusetts, 1800, 1830,
and 1860, 295, 296; in the '70's,
295; in the '80's, 297
WALES, (See: United Kingdom)
WALKER, FRANCIS A., 18, 61, 64,
65, 221-223, 251
WATSON, ELKANAH, 222, 223
WELSH, 12, 13, 52, 75, 161, 252,
(See also: English and Welsh)
WEYL, WALTER E., 46
WILCOX, WALTER F., 223, 224
WILLIAMS, WILLIAM, 69
WILLIS, H. PARKER, 51
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY, 107, 115,
120, 230, 241, 312, 313, 345, 363,
(See also: Sweatshops; Wages)
WOOLEN AND WORSTED MILLS,
384-393; Americans of native
stock: coming back to, since
arrival of new immigrants, 387;
not forced out by recent im-
migrants, 385; number of,
employed at Lawrence, 1900-
1909, 387: Recent immigrants:
strike record of, 392; Strikes:
comparative statistics of, 392;
Wages: at Lawrence, 1889-1909,
389; stationary prior to the New
Immigration, increasing since,
388; of unskilled laborers in-
creased at higher rate than those
of skilled operatives, 388, 389
WORK ACCIDENTS, 458-488, (See
also: Fatal Accident Rate;
Fatal Accidents); Coal mines:
carelessness of mine managers,
465; cause of, competition
among coal operators, 29, 467,
468; increasing with progress in
engineering, 466; opinions of
experts on the causes of, 462;
preventable by legislation and
efficient inspection, 468, 469;
prevention of, expensive, 464:
Railroads: compared with coal
mines, 484; Responsibility: for,
shifted to recent immigrants,
458, 459
WORKING DAYS, average number,
per man increased with recent
immigration, 436, 437
WORSTED
MILLS, (See Woolen
and Worsted Mills)
UNIV. OF MICHIGAN,
DEC 20 1912
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