AGRICULTURE, 103-113. (See also: Rural Depopulation). Cen- tralization of industry: effect upon farming, 107; Demand: for laber in a. and in industry, 7, 104; Differentiation of manu- facturing: from a., 106, 107; Irish Immigrants: reluctance towards a., 66; Machinery: 108; Wages: low, 110; of agricultural and other unskilled laborers, III AGRICULTURAL LABORERS,
placement: by machinery, 109; Earnings: compared with earn- ings in similar non-agricultural occupations, 111; Wages: 110 AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, lim- its to further growth of, 112 ANTHRACITE COAL, See Coal Mines, Anthracite
ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE COM-
MISSION, award of the, 456 APARTMENT HOUSES, increase, 282 ARISTOCRACY OF LABOR, English- speaking, created by immigra- tion, 9, 161, 163, 164, 394 ASSIMILATION, English language: ability to speak, 58; Problem of: 42, 75; Recent immigrants: 77
BENNET, WM. S., 48 BERGER, VICTOR L., 394 Beveridge, W. H., 114, 121, 124,
125, 126; (See also: Unemploy- ment)
BIRDS OF PASSAGE, 74; by race, 75 BIRTH-RATE, (See: Race Suicide) BITUMINOUS COAL, (See: Coal, Bituminous)
BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, (See: Coal Mines, Bituminous) BOARDERS AND LODGERS, Earn- ings: of head of family, 253; Old immigration: per cent of families keeping b. a. 1. among the races of the, 253; Rent: and b. a. 1., 254; Statistics: of the Immigration Commission unre- liable, 251, 252
BOSTON, 25, 65, 241, 242, 356, 363; Home ownership: 1845-1900, 277; Housing: number of fami- lies per house, 1853-1900, 242; Tenancy: 1790, 1845, 1890, and 1900, 276; Tenement houses: 1855 and 1900, 241; unsanitary in the '70's, 241, 242 BREADWINNERS, English: number, 1890 and 1900, 166; in selected occupations, 1890-1900, 168; German: number, 1890 and 1900, 166; in selected occupa- tions, 170; Increase or decrease: by sex, nativity, and occupa- tion, 1890-1900, 141; Irish: number, 1890 and 1900, 166; in selected occupations, 169; Welsh: number, 1890 and 1900, 166; in selected occupations, 168 BRITISH COLONIES, British immi- gration to, encouraged by colo- nial governments, 210
BRITISH EMIGRATION, decline of, effect of home conditions, 173 BRITISH IMMIGRATION, encouraged by colonial governments, 210 BUDGETS, (See: Family Budgets) BURNETT, JOHN L., 43
CANADA, (See: Emigration, Amer- ican farmers)
CAPITAL, immigration and emi- gration of, 493, 494 CASTE PREJUDICE, against the immigrant, outgrowth of occu- pational stratification, 424 CHAPIN, ROBERT COIT, 240, 258, 260, 261
CHILD LABOR, 107, 318-324; Cot- ton mills: children under 14 in Northern and Southern, 321; children under 14 in principal States, 321; Decrease: of, con- temporaneous with the increase of immigration, 318; in States with a large immigrant popula- tion, 26; Defenders: of, in the South, 321; Foreign-born: per cent of, and per cent of children under 16 employed in factories in leading States, 319; Parent nativity: of children, 10 to 15 years, in manufactures, by geographical divisions, 320; Shoe factories: c. 1. in, of rural Missouri, 322; South: more frequent in the, than in States with large immigrant popula- tion, 319; Substitute for immi- gration, 26, 321, 493 CLAGHORN, KATE H., 65, 66, 357
CLOTHING INDUSTRY, 265-267;
(See also: Family Budgets; Farmhouse Labor; Garment Workers); Growth: of, since 1890, 369; Hours of labor: in middle of nineteenth century, 363; Strikes: compared with average for all industries, 1887- 1905, 373; Wages, real: of women in the past lower than to-day, 364, 365
CLOTHING WORKERS, (See: Gar- ment Workers)
COAL, Demand: fluctuations in the, for, 432, 433, 434; Production: per capita, 105; by months, 433; and population, 419; in the U. S., 1880-1910, 416-417 COAL, BITUMINOUS, machine mined, per cent of, and percent- age of miners from Southern and Eastern Europe, by States, 429, 527 COAL MINERS, 414-457; Unem- ployed: and per cent foreign
white, by States, 510; Westward movement: caused by the open- ing of new mining fields, 418 COAL MINERS, BITUMINOUS, Wage scale: in Pennsylvania, 1895-1908, 441; Wages: by race and locality, 442
COAL MINES, (See also: Coal; Coal Miners; FatalAccidents;Strikes; Work Accidents); Competition: of unorganized native American mine workers, 447; Fatal acci- dents: in the U. S. and foreign countries, 469; Unemployment: part-time employment in lieu of, 434
COAL MINES, ANTHRACITE, (See also: Anthracite Coal Strike Commission; Strikes); Fatal ac- cident rate: 1870-1909, 479, 528; Miners' unions: short lived prior to the New Immigration, 455; Production: of, 1870-1909, 437; Wage-earners: number in, 1870-1909, 437
COAL MINES, BITUMINOUS, Days worked: average number of,
and variation of the number of immigrant miners and laborers in Pennsylvania, 140, 141; Employees: number, 1880-1907, 420; Fatal accident rate: by nativity and causes, 474; by nativity and length of experi- ence, 477; compared with rail- roads, 485, 529; variation of the percentage of miners of Slavic and Italian parentage, 472, 527; Labor organizations, 445; Unem- ployment: ratio of, and percent- age of foreign-born miners, 134; Wages, union scale of, 1898-1908, 440
COMMISSARY STORE, (See: Com- pany Store)
COMMONS, JOHN R., 59, 62, 114, 289, 291, 298, 302, 307, 350, 351, 362, 454
COMPANY HOUSES, 247, 248 COMPANY STORE, 272; Movement against: 1849-1897, 444; in the South, 443
immigrants not working for less pay than natives or older immigrants, 401
CONGESTION, (See also: Housing Conditions; Tenement Houses); Boston: number of families per house, 1853-1900, 242; Dublin: c. in, 520; Effect: upon cost of living and wages, 240; Failure of the community: to provide safe- guards against, 239; Industrial causes, 235; Ireland: c. in, 244; New York City: 229-241; Old Immigration: 65; Race: not a factor, 237; Rear tenements, 233 CONTRACT LABORERS, importa- tion of, infrequent, 99, 394 COST OF LIVING, (See: Congestion; Wages and the Cost of Living) COTTON MILLS, 375-383, (See also: Child Labor); Earnings: of operatives, by sex and age, by principal States, 387; Hours of labor, 315; Strikes: much above the average in duration, 379; Unemployed: and foreign-born, 136, 512
CRAFT UNIONS, (See: Labor Or- ganizations)
CRIME, 353, 358-361; Immigrants:
alleged criminal proclivities of the, 358; no more criminal than native Americans, 359; Increase of immigration: coincident with decrease of c., 360
DANES, 79, 198, (See also: Scan- dinavians)
DANGEROUS WORKING CONDI- TIONS, statistics of strikes against, 486 DAYS WORKED, Bituminous coal mines: d. W. collated with variation of number of immi- grant miners and laborers in Pennsylvania, 140, 141; Organ- ized trades: in the State of New York, and immigration, 1897- 1909, 144 DEMAND FOR LABOR, (See also: Agriculture; Labor Market); Agriculture: 103-113; Character and volume of immigration: determined by, 102; Immigra- tion and emigration: regulated by, 3; Population of the United
States: not increasing as fast as, 84 DENMARK, 16, 179, 202, 203-205, (See also: Northern and Western Europe); Decline of emigration: from, due to improvement in condition of people, 205; Eco- nomic conditions: of the peas- ants greatly improved since the '80's, 203; Emigration: from, to the United States, 1820-1910, 203; Immigration: to, 204; Pro- gress of manufacturing: 204 DISPLACEMENT, defined by the Oxford Dictionary, 149 DISPLACEMENT, RACIAL, 415
EARNINGS, (See: Wages) EASTMAN, CRYSTAL, 460, 461, 467, 468, 481, 482, 484 EMIGRATION, American farmers: emigrating to Canada, 112; Immigration: compared with, 90; Industrial crisis: net e. during the recent, 88; Monthly average: 1907-1909, 92 EMPLOYMENT, Fluctuations of, 121, 123, 137, 503
ENGLAND, (See: United Kingdom) ENGLISH AND WELSH, 166, 167,
168, 170, 171, 172, 262, 263, 264, 267, 268, 290, 326, 355, 356, 357, 395, 401, 414, 415, 425, 436, 437, 442, 447, 449, 517, 518 ENGLISH LANGUAGE, per cent foreign-born able to speak the, by years in the U. S., 58
FALKNER, ROLAND P., 68, 69 FAMILY BUDGETS, Clothing: ex- penditure for, in families of un- skilled laborers, by income and nativity, 267; increases with earnings, 266; prices paid for, by recent immigrants the same as by native Americans, 265; race variations insignificant, 266; Deficit: annual, per work- ing family, by occupations, 1885, 297, 523; Food: expendi- tures for, by nativity and in-
come, 258, 260, 262; in New York City, 260; Slav laborers, standards of, 259; Laborers: unskilled, classified by nativity and source of income, New Jersey, 1885, 522; Massachu- setts: 1800, 1830, and 1860, 521; Rent: paid by immigrants as high as, or higher than, that paid by native wage-earners, 250; by nativity, 254, 255; per person, in families without boarders, the same for native, and foreign-born, 254, 255; South Italians: food expendi- tures of, compared with Ameri- can families, 258; Surplus: of income over expenditure, by country of birth of families, 368; Wage-earners: classified by occupations, New Jersey, 1885,
522 FARMHOUSE LABOR, Competition:
of, in the clothing industry, in '40's and '50's, 365; Daughters of American farmers: working for less than cost of living, 365 FARMING, (See: Agriculture) FARM LABORERS, (See: Agricul- tural Laborers)
FATAL ACCIDENT RATE, (See also: Fatal Accidents); Anthracite coal mines: 1870-1909, 528; decrease simultaneous with in- crease of employment of Slavs and Italians, 478; Bitumi- nous coal mines: 485; col- lated with variation of the per cent of miners of Italian and Slavic parentage, 472, 527; compared with railroads, 529; increase due to exhaustion of mines, 480; Coal mines: varia- tion by States, 471; by causes and nativity, 474; by length of experience and nativity, 477; Foreign countries: compared with U. S., 469
FATAL ACCIDENTS, (See also: Fatal Accident Rate; Work Accidents); Coal mines: negligence of the miners, 480; Railroads: 485; Steel mills: speeding the cause of, 481 FITCH, JOHN A., 164, 395, 399–401,
GARMENT WORKERS, (See also: Clothing Industry); Jews: in the cities underbid by American country workers, 372; Labor organizations: affiliations of Jews and Italians with, in New York City above the average for the country, 326; more effective than among other industrial workers, 373 GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, 2, 3, 8, 12, 15, 52-54, 65, 66, 73, 76–78, 149, 162, 170-172, 180-196, 194,228- 233, 252, 253, 263, 275, 328, 357, 368, 369, 370, 374, 385, 395, 401, 414, 436, 442; Colonies: in the middle of the nineteenth century, 77; Congestion: in the settlements in old New York City, 65; Occupations: 1890- 1900, 170; Pennsylvania: in the colony of, 76; Tenement houses: unsanitary, in New York City colonies of, in the '60's, 232 GERMANY, (See also: German Immigrants; Northern and Western Europe); 1, 14, 43, 52, 178-180, 180-196, 255, 262, 267, 268, 355, 356, 386, 517; Ad- vance: in the wages of farm labor, 189, 190; Agricultural progress: 189, 190; in 1895-
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