A

AGRICULTURE, 103-113. (See also:
Rural Depopulation). Cen-
tralization of industry: effect
upon farming, 107; Demand:
for laber in a. and in industry,
7, 104; Differentiation of manu-
facturing: from a., 106, 107;
Irish Immigrants: reluctance
towards a., 66; Machinery: 108;
Wages: low, 110; of agricultural
and other unskilled laborers,
III
AGRICULTURAL LABORERS,

Dis-

placement: by machinery, 109;
Earnings: compared with earn-
ings in similar non-agricultural
occupations, 111; Wages: 110
AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, lim-
its to further growth of, 112
ANTHRACITE COAL, See Coal
Mines, Anthracite

ANTHRACITE COAL STRIKE COM-

MISSION, award of the, 456
APARTMENT HOUSES, increase, 282
ARISTOCRACY OF LABOR, English-
speaking, created by immigra-
tion, 9, 161, 163, 164, 394
ASSIMILATION, English language:
ability to speak, 58; Problem of:
42, 75; Recent immigrants: 77

B

BENNET, WM. S., 48
BERGER, VICTOR L., 394
Beveridge, W. H., 114, 121, 124,

125, 126; (See also: Unemploy-
ment)

BIRDS OF PASSAGE, 74; by race, 75
BIRTH-RATE, (See: Race Suicide)
BITUMINOUS COAL, (See: Coal,
Bituminous)

BITUMINOUS COAL MINES, (See:
Coal Mines, Bituminous)
BOARDERS AND LODGERS, Earn-
ings: of head of family, 253;
Old immigration: per cent of
families keeping b. a. 1. among
the races of the, 253; Rent: and
b. a. 1., 254; Statistics: of the
Immigration Commission unre-
liable, 251, 252

BOSTON, 25, 65, 241, 242, 356, 363;
Home ownership: 1845-1900,
277; Housing: number of fami-
lies per house, 1853-1900, 242;
Tenancy: 1790, 1845, 1890, and
1900, 276; Tenement houses:
1855 and 1900, 241; unsanitary
in the '70's, 241, 242
BREADWINNERS, English: number,
1890 and 1900, 166; in selected
occupations, 1890-1900, 168;
German: number, 1890 and
1900, 166; in selected occupa-
tions, 170; Increase or decrease:
by sex, nativity, and occupa-
tion, 1890-1900, 141; Irish:
number, 1890 and 1900, 166;
in selected occupations, 169;
Welsh: number, 1890 and 1900,
166; in selected occupations, 168
BRITISH COLONIES, British immi-
gration to, encouraged by colo-
nial governments, 210

BRITISH EMIGRATION, decline of,
effect of home conditions, 173
BRITISH IMMIGRATION, encouraged
by colonial governments, 210
BUDGETS, (See: Family Budgets)
BURNETT, JOHN L., 43

C

CANADA, (See: Emigration, Amer-
ican farmers)

CAPITAL, immigration and emi-
gration of, 493, 494
CASTE PREJUDICE, against the
immigrant, outgrowth of occu-
pational stratification, 424
CHAPIN, ROBERT COIT, 240, 258,
260, 261

CHILD LABOR, 107, 318-324; Cot-
ton mills: children under 14 in
Northern and Southern, 321;
children under 14 in principal
States, 321; Decrease: of, con-
temporaneous with the increase
of immigration, 318; in States
with a large immigrant popula-
tion, 26; Defenders: of, in the
South, 321; Foreign-born: per
cent of, and per cent of children
under 16 employed in factories
in leading States, 319; Parent
nativity: of children, 10 to 15
years, in manufactures, by
geographical divisions, 320;
Shoe factories: c. 1. in, of rural
Missouri, 322; South: more
frequent in the, than in States
with large immigrant popula-
tion, 319; Substitute for immi-
gration, 26, 321, 493
CLAGHORN, KATE H., 65, 66,
357

CLOTHING INDUSTRY, 265-267;

(See also: Family Budgets;
Farmhouse Labor; Garment
Workers); Growth: of, since
1890, 369; Hours of labor: in
middle of nineteenth century,
363; Strikes: compared with
average for all industries, 1887-
1905, 373; Wages, real: of women
in the past lower than to-day,
364, 365

CLOTHING WORKERS, (See: Gar-
ment Workers)

COAL, Demand: fluctuations in the,
for, 432, 433, 434; Production:
per capita, 105; by months, 433;
and population, 419; in the
U. S., 1880-1910, 416-417
COAL, BITUMINOUS, machine
mined, per cent of, and percent-
age of miners from Southern
and Eastern Europe, by States,
429, 527
COAL MINERS, 414-457; Unem-
ployed: and per cent foreign

white, by States, 510; Westward
movement: caused by the open-
ing of new mining fields, 418
COAL MINERS, BITUMINOUS,
Wage scale: in Pennsylvania,
1895-1908, 441; Wages: by race
and locality, 442

COAL MINES, (See also: Coal; Coal
Miners; FatalAccidents;Strikes;
Work Accidents); Competition:
of unorganized native American
mine workers, 447; Fatal acci-
dents: in the U. S. and foreign
countries, 469; Unemployment:
part-time employment in lieu
of, 434

COAL MINES, ANTHRACITE, (See
also: Anthracite Coal Strike
Commission; Strikes); Fatal ac-
cident rate: 1870-1909, 479, 528;
Miners' unions: short lived
prior to the New Immigration,
455; Production: of, 1870-1909,
437; Wage-earners: number in,
1870-1909, 437

COAL MINES, BITUMINOUS, Days
worked: average number of,

and variation of the number of
immigrant miners and laborers
in Pennsylvania, 140, 141;
Employees: number, 1880-1907,
420; Fatal accident rate: by
nativity and causes, 474; by
nativity and length of experi-
ence, 477; compared with rail-
roads, 485, 529; variation of the
percentage of miners of Slavic
and Italian parentage, 472, 527;
Labor organizations, 445; Unem-
ployment: ratio of, and percent-
age of foreign-born miners,
134; Wages, union scale of,
1898-1908, 440

COMMISSARY STORE, (See: Com-
pany Store)

COMMONS, JOHN R., 59, 62, 114,
289, 291, 298, 302, 307, 350, 351,
362, 454

COMPANY HOUSES, 247, 248
COMPANY STORE, 272; Movement
against: 1849-1897, 444; in the
South, 443

COMPETITION,

IMMIGRANT, new

immigrants not working for
less pay than natives or older
immigrants, 401

CONGESTION, (See also: Housing
Conditions; Tenement Houses);
Boston: number of families per
house, 1853-1900, 242; Dublin:
c. in, 520; Effect: upon cost of
living and wages, 240; Failure of
the community: to provide safe-
guards against, 239; Industrial
causes, 235; Ireland: c. in, 244;
New York City: 229-241; Old
Immigration: 65; Race: not a
factor, 237; Rear tenements, 233
CONTRACT LABORERS, importa-
tion of, infrequent, 99, 394
COST OF LIVING, (See: Congestion;
Wages and the Cost of Living)
COTTON MILLS, 375-383, (See
also: Child Labor); Earnings: of
operatives, by sex and age, by
principal States, 387; Hours of
labor, 315; Strikes: much above
the average in duration, 379;
Unemployed: and foreign-born,
136, 512

CRAFT UNIONS, (See: Labor Or-
ganizations)

CRIME, 353, 358-361; Immigrants:

alleged criminal proclivities of
the, 358; no more criminal than
native Americans, 359; Increase
of immigration: coincident with
decrease of c., 360

D

DANES, 79, 198, (See also: Scan-
dinavians)

DANGEROUS WORKING CONDI-
TIONS, statistics of strikes
against, 486
DAYS WORKED, Bituminous coal
mines: d. W. collated with
variation of number of immi-
grant miners and laborers in
Pennsylvania, 140, 141; Organ-
ized trades: in the State of New
York, and immigration, 1897-
1909, 144
DEMAND FOR LABOR, (See also:
Agriculture; Labor Market);
Agriculture: 103-113; Character
and volume of immigration:
determined by, 102; Immigra-
tion and emigration: regulated
by, 3; Population of the United

States: not increasing as fast as,
84
DENMARK, 16, 179, 202, 203-205,
(See also: Northern and Western
Europe); Decline of emigration:
from, due to improvement in
condition of people, 205; Eco-
nomic conditions: of the peas-
ants greatly improved since the
'80's, 203; Emigration: from, to
the United States, 1820-1910,
203; Immigration: to, 204; Pro-
gress of manufacturing: 204
DISPLACEMENT, defined by the
Oxford Dictionary, 149
DISPLACEMENT, RACIAL, 415

E

EARNINGS, (See: Wages)
EASTMAN, CRYSTAL, 460, 461, 467,
468, 481, 482, 484
EMIGRATION, American farmers:
emigrating to Canada, 112;
Immigration: compared with,
90; Industrial crisis: net e.
during the recent, 88; Monthly
average: 1907-1909, 92
EMPLOYMENT, Fluctuations of, 121,
123, 137, 503

ENGLAND, (See: United Kingdom)
ENGLISH AND WELSH, 166, 167,

168, 170, 171, 172, 262, 263,
264, 267, 268, 290, 326, 355,
356, 357, 395, 401, 414, 415,
425, 436, 437, 442, 447, 449,
517, 518
ENGLISH LANGUAGE, per cent
foreign-born able to speak the,
by years in the U. S., 58

F

FALKNER, ROLAND P., 68, 69
FAMILY BUDGETS, Clothing: ex-
penditure for, in families of un-
skilled laborers, by income and
nativity, 267; increases with
earnings, 266; prices paid for,
by recent immigrants the same
as by native Americans, 265;
race variations insignificant,
266; Deficit: annual, per work-
ing family, by occupations,
1885, 297, 523; Food: expendi-
tures for, by nativity and in-

Family Budgets-Continued

come, 258, 260, 262; in New
York City, 260; Slav laborers,
standards of, 259; Laborers:
unskilled, classified by nativity
and source of income, New
Jersey, 1885, 522; Massachu-
setts: 1800, 1830, and 1860, 521;
Rent: paid by immigrants as
high as, or higher than, that
paid by native wage-earners,
250; by nativity, 254, 255;
per person, in families without
boarders, the same for native,
and foreign-born, 254, 255;
South Italians: food expendi-
tures of, compared with Ameri-
can families, 258; Surplus: of
income over expenditure, by
country of birth of families,
368; Wage-earners: classified by
occupations, New Jersey, 1885,

522
FARMHOUSE LABOR, Competition:

of, in the clothing industry, in
'40's and '50's, 365; Daughters of
American farmers: working for
less than cost of living, 365
FARMING, (See: Agriculture)
FARM LABORERS, (See: Agricul-
tural Laborers)

FATAL ACCIDENT RATE, (See also:
Fatal Accidents); Anthracite
coal mines: 1870-1909, 528;
decrease simultaneous with in-
crease of employment of Slavs
and Italians, 478; Bitumi-
nous coal mines: 485; col-
lated with variation of the per
cent of miners of Italian and
Slavic parentage, 472, 527;
compared with railroads, 529;
increase due to exhaustion of
mines, 480; Coal mines: varia-
tion by States, 471; by causes
and nativity, 474; by length of
experience and nativity, 477;
Foreign countries: compared
with U. S., 469

FATAL ACCIDENTS, (See also: Fatal
Accident Rate; Work Accidents);
Coal mines: negligence of the
miners, 480; Railroads: 485;
Steel mills: speeding the cause
of, 481
FITCH, JOHN A., 164, 395, 399–401,

362-374,

GARMENT WORKERS,
(See also: Clothing Industry);
Jews: in the cities underbid by
American country workers, 372;
Labor organizations: affiliations
of Jews and Italians with, in
New York City above the
average for the country, 326;
more effective than among
other industrial workers, 373
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, 2, 3, 8, 12,
15, 52-54, 65, 66, 73, 76–78, 149,
162, 170-172, 180-196, 194,228-
233, 252, 253, 263, 275, 328, 357,
368, 369, 370, 374, 385, 395,
401, 414, 436, 442; Colonies: in
the middle of the nineteenth
century, 77; Congestion: in the
settlements in old New York
City, 65; Occupations: 1890-
1900, 170; Pennsylvania: in the
colony of, 76; Tenement houses:
unsanitary, in New York City
colonies of, in the '60's, 232
GERMANY, (See also: German
Immigrants; Northern and
Western Europe); 1, 14, 43, 52,
178-180, 180-196, 255, 262, 267,
268, 355, 356, 386, 517; Ad-
vance: in the wages of farm
labor, 189, 190; Agricultural
progress: 189, 190; in 1895-