of Irish females who can read and write is larger than that of males. A higher percentage of the Polish males can read than can both read and write, and a higher percentage of the German, the South Italian, and Polish females can read than can both read and write.

The relation between literacy and period of residence in this country is set forth in the following table, which shows, according to years in the United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years or over who read and percentage who read and write:

TABLE 65. Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that among 1,084 foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 22.6 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years, 76.1 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years and 80.1 per cent of those who have been in this country ten years, or over, can read. In each period of residence a somewhat smaller percentage can both read and write than is shown in the corresponding period for those who can read. The Germans show 100 per cent of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years who can read and write and 100 per cent with a residence of ten years or over who can read and 98.1 per cent who can both read and write. The Irish show 100 per cent of those with a residence of under five years and from five to nine years and 87.9 per cent of those who have been in the United States ten years or over who can read and write. The South Italians and the Poles show a greater degree of illiteracy in each period of residence than either the Germans, Irish, or Slovaks, a higher per cent of South Italians who have been in this country under five and from five to nine years being able to read and to read and write than those who have been in the United States ten years or over. Of the Slovaks with a residence of ten years or over 100 per cent can read and write, over 90 per cent of those who have been in the country from five to nine years can read and write, and only about 75 per cent with a residence of under five years have this ability. The Turks show the greatest illiteracy, only 4.2 per cent of

those who have been in the United States under five years and 7.1 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years being able to read and write.

The table next submitted is of interest as comparing the progress of immigrants with respect to age at time of coming to the United States. It shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and the percentage who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual:

TABLE 66.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Information was obtained in this industry for 1,084 foreign-born persons. Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States, 96.6 per cent read and 95.4 per cent both read and write, while of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming, only 42.9 per cent can read and only 38.7 per cent can both read and write. Eliminating the Turks, and with the exception of the Poles, each race reports 100 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming as being able to read and both read and write, the proportion of Poles who are not able to read and to read and write being very small in each instance. Among those 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, it will be noted that all the Germans can read and 97.7 per cent can both read and write. The Turks, on the other hand, show an extremely low proportion, or 4.3 per cent, who can read and both read and write. Following the Germans are the Irish, who report a slightly larger proportion than the Slovaks, and a considerably larger proportion than the Poles or South Italians who can read. Of those who can both read and write, it will be noted that the proportion of South Italians is in excess of that of the Poles. With this exception, the relative position of the races who both read and write remains the same as for those who read only.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The conjugal condition of employees in the leather industry, and members of their households, is set forth in the series of tables following. The first table presented, which immediately follows, shows the per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each congugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race.

TABLE 67.—Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 67.-Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race- -Continued.

Information was obtained in this industry for 11,116 employees, of which number the largest proportion, or 63.4 per cent, are married, 33.9 per cent single, and 2.7 per cent widowed. The proportion of foreign-born in each conjugal condition varies but slightly from the proportion shown in the total for all employees. The native-born of foreign father report a slightly larger proportion single and widowed and a considerably smaller proportion married, while the native whites born of native father show a smaller proportion single and larger proportions married and widowed than is indicated in the total for all employees. Marked differences in the proportions single are noted among the foreign-born males. The Greeks, with 67.5 per cent single and 32.1 per cent married, show the largest and smallest proportions, respectively, in these conjugal conditions. On the other hand, the Germans, with 14.3 per cent single, report the smallest proportion, while the proportion of this race married, or 81 per cent is equaled only by the Magyars. Considering the proportions single among the other foreign-born races, it will be noted that the Lithuanians, with 57.2 per cent, show a larger proportion than do the Russians, a considerably larger proportion than the Slovenians, North Italians, or South Italians, and a much larger proportion than is shown by any other race. The Irish show the largest proportion widowed, or 8 per cent. Following the Irish are the Germans with 4.7 per cent, a proportion slightly in excess of the Swedes, Magyars, or Croatians, the last named reporting 2.1 per cent. The smallest proportion widowed, on the other hand, or 0.4 per cent, is reported by the Greeks. It will be seen, with the exception of the Greeks and Lithuanians, the largest proportion of each foreign-born race is married.

Among the females, 63.4 per cent of whom are single, 27.6 per cent married, and 9.1 per cent widowed, it will be noted that the

foreign-born show a considerably smaller proportion single and a considerably larger proportion married than is shown in the total for all females. The reverse, however, is true of both the nativeborn of foreign father and native whites born of native father. Among the foreign-born the Russians show the largest proportion single, or 63.6 per cent, while the Croatians, with 20 per cent in this conjugal condition, show the smallest proportion. Following the Russians are the Poles, who show a slightly larger proportion single than do the Lithuanians or Irish, a considerably larger proportion than do the Slovenians, and a much larger proportion than do the Magyars or Germans. No Lithuanian or Russian and only 8.7 per cent of the Polish females are widowed. The Irish, with 28.6 per cent in this conjugal condition, show a slightly larger proportion than the Croatians, and a considerably larger proportion than the Magyars or Germans. No very marked difference exists as between the Germans and Irish, native-born of foreign father, and native whites born of native father.

Considering the totals for both males and females of each race in each conjugal condition, it will be noted that they vary only slightly from the proportions shown for the males in each race.

The table next submitted divides the totals of the one preceding and shows the percentage of employees in each conjugal condition according to age groups, sex, and general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 68.-Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]