per cent of households of that size. Germans and Slovaks report the greatest proportion of their households as composed of 3 persons and Irish and German their highest percentage of households of 4 persons. South Italians, Irish, and Hebrews alone show proportions of households composed of 10 or more persons.

CONGESTION.

The extent to which crowding prevails in the households of employees of the glove-manufacturing industry has been indicated in preceding tables. The degree of congestion and its effect upon living arrangements is more directly indicated in the following series of tabulations. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 45.-Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

General nativity and race of head of household.

Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

The above table shows more congested conditions to exist in small apartments than in apartments with a large number of rooms. The average number of persons per apartment is 4.23, foreign-born showing a considerably higher average number of persons per apartment than do the native-born of native father. Of the foreign-born races, South Italians show the highest average number of persons per apartment and French the lowest.

In the table following the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room is shown according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 46.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

@ Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.

In a total of 262 households studied in the above table there is an average of 4.23 persons per apartment, 0.71 person per room, and 1.73 persons per sleeping room. The foreign-born report a higher average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than do the native-born. Of the foreign-born races, the South Italian reports the highest average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

The next table presented shows the persons per room.

TABLE 47.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The above table shows the average number of persons to be 71 per 100 rooms; 29.8 per cent of the households have 1 or more persons per room and 1.1 per cent have 2 or more persons per room. The foreign-born report 74 persons per 100 rooms as compared with 54

persons per 100 rooms in households of native-born persons of native father. The foreign-born show 33.2 per cent of households having 1 or more persons per room as contrasted with only 3.3 per cent of households classed as native-born of native father having the same number of persons per room. The foreign-born also show a small proportion of households having 2 or more persons per room, while persons native-born of native father show no households having 2 or more persons per room. Of the foreign-born races, South Italians show the highest average number of persons per room and Germans the lowest. While South Italians show the highest percentage of households having 1 or more persons per room and English the lowest, none of the older immigrant races show any households having 2 or

more persons per room.

The following table exhibits the range in number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household."

TABLE 48.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.

The preceding table shows the average number of persons per sleeping room to be 173 persons per 100 sleeping rooms. The foreign-born show 178 persons per 100 sleeping rooms as compared with 141 persons per 100 sleeping rooms in households which are native-born of native father. The foreign-born show a considerably higher percentage of households having 2 or more persons per sleeping room than do the households reported as native-born of native father, the latter showing no households having 3 or more persons per sleeping room. Of the foreign-born races the greatest congestion. in sleeping rooms is noted in households of the more recently arrived immigrants, i. e., the South Italians and Slovaks. South Italians show the highest per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room, while English, French, Irish, and German show only small proportions of households having more than 2 persons per sleeping room.

The final table of the series, which is next submitted, indicates the effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied, by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 49.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

In the 262 households studied in the foregoing table there is an average of 5.93 rooms each, and an average of 2.43 rooms per household are used for sleeping purposes. The nativity groups show approximately the same average number of rooms, as well as sleeping rooms, per household. The Germans show an average of 6.93 rooms per household and the English 6.88, the races of recent immigration, the South Italians and Slovaks, showing the smaller average number of sleeping rooms per household and the older immigrant races the larger. As regards the percentage of households using all except each specified number of rooms to sleep in, it is seen that none use all rooms; 2.3 use all except 1 room; and 10.3 per cent all except 2 rooms. These proportions are made up entirely of foreign-born heads of households, the native-born heads of households using all except 3 or more rooms to sleep in.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households [Text Tables 50 to 60 and General Tables 35 to 44].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of the employees of the glove-manufacturing industry is set forth in the two tables which follow. The first table presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of employees for whom information was secured who were able to read and percentage who were able to both read and write.

TABLE 50.—Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

General nativity and race.

Number reporting
complete data.

Per cent who read.

Per cent who read and write.

Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total.

The above table shows that of the total number of persons reporting 99.3 per cent can read and 99.2 per cent can both read and write. The proportions of males able to read and to read and write are slightly greater than those of females. Both males and females who are native whites born of native father show 100 per cent who can read and write. The households native-born of foreign father report all the males and 98.8 per cent of the females as being able to read and write. The foreign-born show 99.5 per cent of males who can read as contrasted with 99 per cent who can both read and write and the females show 95.1 per cent who can read and write. Of the foreign-born the English show a greater degree of literacy among females than among males.