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ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tabulations which are next presented, the average amount and range of annual family income are studied, together with the different sources of family income and their relative importance. The following table, which is the first submitted in this connection, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount:

TABLE 41.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The average yearly income of 287 families shown in the above table. is $671. Of the total number of families studied 5.9 per cent have a total yearly income of under $300, 38.3 per cent of under $500, 70.4 per cent of under $750, 84 per cent under $1,000, and 96.5 per cent have a total yearly income of under $1,500. The families whose heads are of foreign birth show the highest per cent having each specified yearly income up to and including that under $750. The families whose heads are native-born of foreign father show 100 per cent, those whose heads are native whites born of native father 96.3 per cent, and the families whose heads are foreign-born show 95.8 per cent having a total yearly income of under $1,500. The families whose heads are native-born of foreign father show an average family income of $810, those whose heads are native whites born of native father have an average family income of $715, and the families whose heads are of foreign birth have an average yearly income of $634. Of the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father those whose heads are of German parentage show a slightly higher percentage than the families whose heads are of Irish parentage having a total yearly income of under $300. The families whose heads are of Irish parentage show a higher per cent having an income of under $500 and under $750 per year than the families whose heads

are of German parentage. The families whose heads are of German parentage show a higher percentage having an income of under $1,000 than the families whose heads are of Irish parentage; both the families the heads of which are of Irish and of German parentage show 100 per cent having an income of under $1,500, the latter showing an average family income of $796 and the former an income of $822. Of the families the heads of which are of foreign birth, those whose heads are Poles and South Italians show a considerably higher per cent having a total income under each specified amount than the households the heads of which are Irish and Germans. None of the families the heads of which are of the two races last mentioned have an income of less than $300. The families the heads of which are Germans and Irish show average family income of $1,035 and $954, respectively, as contrasted with the families whose heads are South Italians and Poles having average yearly family income of $578 and $497, respectively.

WIVES AT WORK.

The extent to which the wives of the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside the home is shown in the following table according to general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 42.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

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Of the 281 wives in the households studied, only 2.5 per cent are at work, the foreign-born reporting 1.4 per cent, as compared with 6.4 per cent of the native-born of foreign father and 3.7 per cent of the native whites born of native father. Among the foreign-born it will be noted that none of the Germans, Irish, or South Italians, and only 2.2 per cent of the Poles are at work, while of the native-born of foreign father, the Germans show 9.5 per cent, as compared with 3.8 per cent of the Irish, the proportion of the Irish native-born of foreign father being slightly in excess of the proportion of native white wives at work.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

Although a considerable proportion of the wives in families the heads of which were connected with the leather industry, as well as other female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the home as a means of contributing to the family support, a much larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which the wives of the families find it necessary to supplement, in this way, the earnings of their husbands is set forth in the following table, which shows the percentage of families in which the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, according to yearly earnings and general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 43.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

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a For selection of families, see p. 116. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.

This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as “none.”

TABLE 44.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 116. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

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a This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The preceding table shows that 46.2 per cent of the wives in families where the husband's earnings are under $400 per year have employment or keep boarders or lodgers; where the earnings of the husbands are $400 and under $600 per year 30.3 per cent of the wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers; where the earnings of the husbands are $600 or over per year, 17.6 per cent of the wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers, and 32.5 per cent of the wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers regardless of the yearly earnings of the husbands. Of the wives in families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father a higher percentage are employed or are keeping boarders or lodgers than in families the heads of which are of foreign birth, where the earnings of husbands are under $400 per year. The wives in families the heads of which are foreign-born show a considerably higher percentage who are employed or are keeping boarders or lodgers where the earnings of husbands are $400 and under $600 per year than the wives in families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father. None of the wives in the families whose heads are native-born whites of native father are employed or are keeping boarders or lodgers where the earnings of the husbands are $400 and under $600 per year. Among families where the earnings of the husbands are $600 or over per year those whose heads are foreign-born show a higher percentage of wives who are employed or keeping boarders or lodgers than the percentage of wives thus engaged in families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father or nativeborn whites of native father. The same order is observed in the total, the wives in families the heads of which are foreign-born showing the highest percentage who are employed or are keeping boarders or lodgers and the wives in families the heads of which are native whites born of native father showing the lowest percentage. In the families

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the heads of which are native-born of foreign father those whose heads are of Irish parentage show a higher percentage of wives who are employed or keeping boarders or lodgers than is shown by wives in families whose heads are of German parentage.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The two tables next presented exhibit the sources of family income in detail. The first of these submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The past year referred to in the table means the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.

TABLE 45.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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This table shows a report from 287 selected families, 99.3 per cent of which have an income from the earnings of the husband, 2.4 per cent from the earnings of wife, 23.3 per cent from the contributions of the children, 30.3 per cent from payments of boarders and lodgers, and 8.7 per cent receive incomes from other sources. The foreignborn races-German, Irish, South Italian, and Polish-report 100 per cent each of families in which an income is received from the earnings of the husband. Both the native-born of native father and nativeborn of foreign father show a somewhat lower mark in this respect than the foreign-born. Very few families of either group are shown as deriving an income from the earnings of the wife, the highest figure being 9.5 per cent of the native-born of German father. Generally speaking a greater proportion of foreign-born families are receiving incomes from the contributions of children than is shown

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