ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of males in the households studied who are 18 years of age or over and who are working for wages:

TABLE 205.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Number
working

Number earning

Per cent earning

General nativity and race of individual.

for wages Average

and re- earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000.

porting

amount.

The yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over for whom information was secured average $420. A considerably larger figure is reported for the native-born of native father than for the foreignborn, while a slightly larger figure is reported for the latter than for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born the French Canadians, Hebrews, and North Italians, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Greeks and South Italians have the smallest average yearly earnings. The proportion of males earning under $200 and under $400 per year, respectively, is largest for the Greeks, while the proportion of individuals earning under $600 yearly is largest for the Poles, followed by the Lithuanians, and South Italians in the order mentioned.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The contributions to the family income of the females 18 years of age or over in the households studied may be seen from the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the number of females 18 years of age or over working for wages and the average wages earned.

TABLE 206.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of the 98 females here reported as working for wages, 23 earn under $200 a year, 49 earn under $300, 74 earn under $400, and 84 earn under $500. The average earnings for all individuals are $310. It will be noted that the average earnings of the native-born French Canadians are considerably higher than those of the foreign-born Hebrews, while the latter in turn are considerably higher than the earnings of the Lithuanians or Poles. The proportions in each specified wage group are very much higher among the foreign-born than among the native-born of either native or foreign father.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The annual income of families the heads of which were employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry in this community, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, is indicated by the series of tables next presented. The first table submitted in this connection shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 207.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Two families are included which report income as "none."]

Of 222 families selected for study, 7.2 per cent have a total yearly income of under $300, 34.2 per cent have a total yearly income of under $500, 68.5 per cent of under $750, 86.5 per cent of under $1,000, and 97.3 per cent have a total yearly income of under $1,500. The total average yearly income of the 222 selected families is $673. Families the heads of which are native-born have a total average yearly income of $805 as contrasted with $661, which is the average total yearly income of families the heads of which are of foreign birth. The families the heads of which are South Italians show over 20 per cent having a total yearly income of under $300, the families the heads of which are Poles, Lithuanians, or French Canadians show less than 10 per cent, and no families whose heads are Hebrews have a total yearly income of under $300. The families the heads of which are South Italians show over 75 per cent, those whose heads are Lithuanians over 50 per cent, and those whoseheads are Poles over 40 per cent having a total yearly income of under $500, as contrasted with 25.9 per cent of families whose heads are Hebrews and 15.4 per cent of families whose heads are French Canadians having a total yearly income of under this amount. The families whose heads are Lithuanians show 100 per cent having a total yearly income of under $750. The families whose heads are Lithuanians, South Italians, or Poles show over 90 per cent, those whose heads are Hebrews over 85 per cent, and those whose heads are French Canadians over 75 per cent having a total yearly income under $1,000. The families whose heads are South Italians, Lithuanians, or Poles show 100 per cent and the families whose heads are Hebrews or French Canadians over 90 per cent having a total yearly income of under $1,500. The families whose heads are French Canadians have an average yearly income of over $800, followed by those whose heads are Hebrews with over $700, while the families whose heads are Poles show an average yearly income of over $500. The families whose heads are Lithuanians and South Italians show an average total yearly income of over $400.

WIVES AT WORK.

The disposition of wives to engage in occupations outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of the husbands is indicated by the following table:

TABLE 208.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

Of the wives in this locality for whom information was secured, 12.6 per cent are reported at work. Among the foreign-born the proportion of wives at work is largest in the case of the Poles, Lithuanians, and French Canadians, in the order mentioned.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

It has been shown that only a small proportion of the wives in the families studied in the community were regularly employed for wages outside the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion supplemented the earnings of the heads by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent of this practice is indicated by the following two tables, which show, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 209.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

a For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.

This column includes 5 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." e This column includes 2 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."

TABLE 210.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 525. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]

This column includes 5 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The above table shows that of the wives for whom information was secured, 51.1 per cent of those whose husbands earn less than $400 a year have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, as against 43.5 per cent of those whose husbands earn $400 and under $600 and 32.8