TABLE 28.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the leather industry, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

The preceding table shows that of those born in the United States whose fathers are native-born whites, 70.2 per cent are engaged in the leather industry, leaving 29.8 per cent who are otherwise employed. Practically the same proportion of those born in the United States whose fathers are German are so engaged, while those born abroad of German fathers show a larger proportion engaged in the leather industry. The proportion of those native-born of Irish fathers who are employed in the leather industry is slightly smaller than those born abroad of German fathers or those born abroad of Irish fathers, who show the maximum proportion employed in the leather industry.

OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE INDUSTRY.

The occupations entered by recent immigrants as well as those entered by older immigrant employees and natives in two New England tanning and finishing establishments are set forth in the following tables. These companies which are representative of the situation in New England are designated as companies Nos. 1 and 2. TABLE 29.-Number of employees in specified departments and occupations, by race of individual-Company No. 1.

TABLE 30.-Number of employees in each specified department, by race of individual—

Company No. 2.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of male employees who were 18 years of age or over and who were earning each specified amount each week:

TABLE 31.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The foregoing table includes 10,912 males 18 years of age or over who were employed in the leather industry. Only a very slight proportion of this number earn under $5, while more than 50 per cent earn $10 or over a week. There are also 17.2 per cent earning $12.50 or over, 10 per cent earning $15 or over, and only 1.1 per cent earning as high as $20 a week. There is little difference between the proportions of the nativity groups earning up to $10, while the native-born of foreign father show a higher proportion than either the native-born of native father or the foreign-born earning each specified amount from $10 or over. Of the foreign-born races the Greek, South Italian, Polish, and Slovenian each show less than 1 per cent earning under $5, while the proportion earning $7.50 or over a week ranges from 75.3 per cent of the Greeks to 100 per cent of the Swedes. Only the Germans and Irish show a proportion as high as 25 per cent earning $12.50 or over, these same races showing the highest proportion earning $15 or over and $17.50 or over a week. The Magyar is the only race of more recent immigration showing a proportion earning as high as $20 a week.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of female employees 18 years of age or over who were earning each specified amount each week.

TABLE 32.-Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the 712 females studied in the above table 98.2 per cent earn $5 or over, 28.9 per cent $7.50 or over, and 3.9 per cent $10 or over per week. As regards the different nativity groups, it is seen that over 50 per cent of each earn from $5 to $7.50 per week, while the proportion earning as high as $10 per week does not exceed 5 per cent. The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age who were earning each specified amount each week.

TABLE 33.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

*

(This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The preceding table includes 441 male employees who are between the ages of 14 and 18 years. Of this number 99.5 per cent earn $2.50 or over, 87.8 per cent $5 or over, and 25.4 per cent $7.50 or over per week. While those native-born of native father show 100 per cent, as compared with 99.5 per cent of those native-born of foreign father and 99.1 per cent of the foreign-born, earning $2.50 or over per week, they show only 81.3 per cent, as compared with 90.5 per cent for each of the cther nativity groups, earning $5 or over per week. The proportion earning $7.50 or over per week ranges from 18.1 per cent of the foreign-born to 29.6 per cent of the native-born of foreign father.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age, who were earning each specified amount each week:

TABLE 34.--Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. *

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The preceding table shows that of 182 females reporting, only 9.9 per cent earn $7.50 or over, while 11 per cent earn less than $5 per week. A comparison between the nativity groups shows that while the foreign-born report the largest proportion earning $5 or over per week, they report none earning as high as $7.50, as compared with 12 per cent and 14.3 per cent of the native-born of native father and native-born of foreign father, respectively.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The progress of male employees of foreign birth in industrial efficiency or earning ability after designated periods of residence in the United States is considered in the next series of tabulations. In the first table presented the proportions in each period of residence are arranged under the several races, thus enabling a study to be made of the male employees of each race.

TABLE 35.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.}

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

With the exception of the proportions shown by the Greek, South Italian, Polish, and Slovenian, each race studied in the above table