and the Turks only 4.8 per cent who were farm laborers. The Irish show the highest percentage who were general laborers, the German and South Italian employees show 45 per cent and 4.8 per cent, respectively, as contrasted with no employees of other specified races who were leather factory operatives, the Germans the highest percentage who were in hand trades, and the Poles the highest percentage who were in other occupations. Of the employees who were working without wages, the Turks show the highest percentage and the Germans the lowest percentage who were farm laborers, and the South Italians the highest percentage who were in other occupations, while none of the Poles, Slovaks, and Turks were thus engaged. Of the foreign-born male employees who were working for profit before coming to the United States, the South Italians and Slovaks show the highest percentage who were farmers and the South Italians the highest percentage who were engaged in other occupations. The South Italians also show the highest percentage who were without occupation before coming to this country.

In the table next presented, the industrial condition while abroad of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States is set forth, according to race of individual.

TABLE 23.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

The above table shows that of the 195 foreign-born females for whom information was obtained, 48.2 per cent were without occupation, 17.4 per cent worked for wages, 33.3 per cent without wages, and 1 per cent for profit before coming to the United States. compared with the Irish and South Italians, the proportion of Poles without occupation before coming to the United States is very low. On the other hand, the Poles show that a slightly larger proportion worked for wages and a very much larger proportion without wages than is shown by either the Irish or South Italians. None of the Irish and only a very small proportion of South Italians and Poles worked for profit. As between the Irish and South Italians it will be noted that the proportions without occupation and those working for wages and without wages are similar.

The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation abroad of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States:

TABLE 24.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

Eight and two-tenths per cent of the total number were farm laborers and 9.2 per cent were employed in domestic service, working for wages, while 33.3 per cent of the total number were farm laborers working without wages; the proportion 1.0 per cent of the total number were employed other than as farmers working for profit. It is apparent from the above table that not one of the Irish, South Italian, or Polish females had had previous knowledge of the industry in which they are now employed. All of the Irish who worked for wages abroad were in domestic service. Equal proportions of the South Italians were employed in this occupation and as farm laborers, while the proportion of Poles employed as farm laborers slightly exceeds the proportion employed in domestic service. Among those working without wages, none of whom were employed other than as farm laborers, it will be noted that the proportion of Irish and South Italians as compared with the proportion of Poles is extremely low. Of those working for profit the South Italians and Poles show a small proportion each in occupations other than as farmers.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The table which immediately follows sets forth, by race, the percentage of foreign-born male employees for whom information was received who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 25.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the 6,700 male employees in this industry, 58.1 per cent were engaged in farming or farm labor prior to coming to the United States. Only 6 per cent were engaged in the industry in which they are now employed and 5.8 per cent in other manufacturing. Of the remainder, 23 per cent were engaged in general labor, hand trades, and trade, and 7 per cent in occupations not specified. Each race, except the German, Greek, and South Italian, shows over 50 per cent of their number to have been either farmers or employed as farm laborers, while the German is the only race showing as high as 10 per cent to have been engaged in the leather industry. It should be noted that the Greeks, as compared with the other races, show a higher proportion who were engaged in trade.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In order to make possible a direct comparison of the industrial status of the immigrant employees in the leather industry in this country with their industrial training and experience abroad, tabulations are presented which exhibit the general occupation of the male and female members of the households studied at the present

48296°-VOL 12-11-4

time. The first table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 26.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 974 males for whom information was secured 76.5 per cent are in the leather industry, 14.6 per cent otherwise employed, 8.7 per cent at home, and only a fraction of 1 per cent at school. The proportion of individuals employed in the leather industry is largest for the foreign-born, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the native-born of native father, while the proportion otherwise employed is largest for the native-born of native father, somewhat smaller for the native-born of foreign father, and very much smaller for the foreign-born. A much larger proportion, 10.2 per cent, of the foreign-born than of the native-born of native father, 3.4 per cent, are at home. None of the native-born of foreign father are so reported. Of the foreign-born, the Slovaks, Irish, and Germans have the largest and the South Italians the smallest proportion of individuals in the leather industry, while none of the Slovaks and a much larger proportion of South Italians than of the individuals of any other race are otherwise employed, and none of the Irish, Germans, or Slovaks and a much larger proportion of the Turks than of the South Italians or Poles are at home.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table following shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 27.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

From the data presented in the above table it appears that 81.4 per cent of the females 16 years of age or over for whom information was secured, are at home, and that 13.2 per cent are in employments not specified, and only a very small proportion in domestic and personal service, in trade, or at school. The proportion of individuals at home is largest for the foreign-born, second largest for the native-born of native father, and smallest for the native-born of foreign father, while the proportion of individuals in employments not specified is much larger for the native-born of foreign father and the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born the Irish have the largest and the Germans the smallest proportion of individuals reported at home.

THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS COMPARED.

The table next submitted affords a basis for comparing the general industrial tendencies of the first and second generations in the households studied, which shows, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual, the percentage of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied who were in the leather industry.