born of foreign father, and 18.7 per cent native whites born of native father. Considering the foreign-born by race it is seen that the Hebrew shows the largest proportion of both males and females.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

Detailed information was also received for 4,959 operatives in the community, of whom the number and percentage of each race is shown, by sex, in the table below.

TABLE 118.-Employees for whom information was secured, by ser and general nativity and race.

CHAPTER VII.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial classification of employees at the present time [Text Tables 119 to 122 and General Tables 73 and 74].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.

Data showing in detail the history of the movement of immigrant races to Community A are, unfortunately, unavailable. The Massachusetts State census, however, classifies the population of the city, by country of birth, in the census years 1855, 1865, 1875, 1885, 1895, and 1905. From these figures it is possible to determine in a general way the history of immigration to the community. The data are presented in the following table:

TABLE 119.-Population of Community A, by country of birth, in years in which a State census was taken a

TABLE 119.-Population of Community A, by country of birth, in years in which a State census was taken-Continued.

It appears from the above table that the population of Community A increased from 15,713 in 1855 to 77,042 in 1905. During the fifty-year period the increase was quite regular. Since 1875 there has been a marked increase in the proportion of foreign-born inhabitants. The first immigrants to come to the city in any number appear to have been the Irish. There were 1,857 of these people in the community in 1855, and 2,307 in 1865. From 1865 to 1895 the Irish population increased rapidly, but the figures for 1905 show a slight decrease. Even in 1905, however, the Irish are present in larger numbers than persons of any other European race. Canadian immigration to Community A has been heavy since 1875. Many of the persons of Canadian nativity are from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island and many others are of French descent. English and Scotch immigration, while not so heavy as the Irish and Canadian immigration, has been regular since before 1855. Since 1885 there has been a limited Scandinavian immigration. The immigration of persons of southern or eastern European nativity was very light until after 1895. By 1905, however, persons of Polish, Russian, Italian, and Austrian birth had come to the community in considerable numbers.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The racial movements to the industry in the community are also indicated by the following series of tables, which set forth the length of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households. Period of residence in this country and in Community A are not necessarily identical, but they closely approximate each other and the tabulations afford an insight into the character of recent and past immigration. The first table sub

mitted shows, by sex and race, the percentage of foreign-born employees who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 120.-Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

From the data presented in the preceding table it appears that of the males for whom information was secured, 30.2 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 19.6 per cent have been here from five to nine years, 11.5 per cent have been here from ten to fourteen years, 13.5 per cent have been here from fifteen to nineteen years, and 25.2 per cent have been here twenty years or over. The propor tion for male employees who have been in the United States under five years is largest for the Greeks and Russian Hebrews, and the proportion who have been here from five to nine years and from ten to fourteen years is largest for the North and South Italians. The French Canadians, English, and Canadians other than French, in the