The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week:

TABLE 98.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.

*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The above table compiled from data secured from 544 male employees who are 14 and under 18 years of age shows that 100 per cent earn $2.50 or over, 83.6 per cent earn $5 or over, 28.1 per cent earn $7.50 or over, and 5.7 per cent earn $10 or over per week. The employees of foreign birth show 100 per cent earning $2.50 or over per week and a higher percentage earning each following specified amount per week than is shown in the totals for all employees from whom information was secured. In each nativity group all employees earn $2.50 or over per week. The native whites born of native father show the highest percentage earning $5 or over per week, followed in the order named by the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign father. The foreign-born show the highest percentage earning $7.50 or over per week, followed by the native whites born of native father and the native-born of foreign father. The foreign-born exhibit the highest percentage earning $10 or over per week, followed by the native-born of foreign tather and the native whites born of native father in a decreasing ratio. The employees whose fathers were born in Ireland show a higher percentage earning $5 or over and $7.50 or over than the employees whose fathers were born in Canada, while the latter show slightly larger proportions earning $10 or over per week than the former.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week.

TABLE 99.-Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The preceding table compiled from data secured from 417 female employees 14 and under 18 years of age shows 99.5 per cent earning $2.50 or over, 74.1 per cent earning $5 or over, 21.8 per cent earning $7.50 or over, and 3.8 per cent earning $10 or over per week. The female employees of foreign birth show a higher percentage earning each specified rate per week than that exhibited in the totals for all female employees reporting complete data. The female foreign-born employees also show a higher percentage earning each specified rate per week than the native whites born of native father or the nativeborn of foreign father. The two last-named nativity groups show the same proportion earning $2.50 or over per week, the native-born of foreign father showing a slightly higher percentage than the native whites born of native father earning $5 or over, while the latter shows a higher percentage than the former earning $7.50 or over and $10 or over per week.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The extent of progress in industrial efficiency or earning ability of foreign-born employees after designated periods of residence in this country is indicated in the table next submitted. It shows, by race and length of residence in the United States, the earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, the proportion in each specified period of residence being grouped under the several races in order to make possible a study of the progress of each race.

TABLE 100.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The preceding table shows that 100 per cent of the French Canadian employees who have been in the United States under five years and from five to nine years earn $5 or over per week as contrasted with 99.7 per cent with a residence of ten years or over earning the above amount. The French Canadian employees also show a higher percentage with a residence of under five years earning $7.50 or over per week than those with a residence of from five to nine years, while the latter show a slightly larger proportion earning this amount than those with a residence of ten years or over. The French Canadians show an increase in earning capacity for each following specified amount per week according to the increase in length of residence, except among the employees earning $20 or over. None of the employees of this race who have been in the United States under five years earn $17.50 or over per week, and none with a residence of from five to nine years earn $25 or over per week. The Russian Hebrews also show an increase in earning capacity as length of residence increases, and the North Italians exhibit the same tendency. The South Italian employees show a higher percentage in the group having a residence of from five to nine years earning $17.50 or over per week and $20 or over per week than is shown for those having a residence of ten years or over earning the same amounts. The Slovak employees also show an increase in earnings according to length of residence, but no employees of this race earning $17.50 or over per week.

The following table embodies the same data as the one immediately preceding, but in a somewhat different form:

TABLE 101.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The preceding table shows that as a general rule the earning capacity of the individual increases with the length of residence in the United States. Among the foreign-born male employees reporting a residence of less than five years or a residence of from five to nine years in the United States none earn $25 or over per week. Among the employees who have been in the United States ten years or over 1 per cent of the French Canadians earn $25 or over per week. In the group of males who have been in the United States less than five years, the Russian Hebrew and North Italian show a considerably higher per cent earning $17.50 or over per week than the South Italian; the French Canadian and Slovak employees show no persons earning the above amount. Among the employees who have been in the United States from five to nine years and ten years or over the French Canadians show the highest per cent earning $17.50 or over per week and the Slovaks no persons earning this amount. Among the employees earning $15 or over per week the French Canadians and the Russian Hebrews show the highest proportions

for each period of residence and the Slovaks the lowest, the employees of each race showing an increase in earning capacity according to length of residence in the United States. The same order is observed among the employees earning $10 or over per week. The Slovaks show the highest percentage earning $7.50 or over per week in the group who have been in the United States ten years or over, the Russian Hebrews and North Italians show the highest percentage earning the above amount in the group having a residence from five to nine years, while the French Canadians show 100 per cent earning $7.50 or over per week in the group including employees with a residence of less than five years.