The total number of households for which data were obtained averages 5.20 persons per apartment, 1.06 persons per room, and 2.02 persons per sleeping room. Considering the totals, the native-born of native father have the minimum average number of persons in each particular; the foreign-born have the largest average number of persons per apartment, per room, per sleeping room. The English, Irish, and Syrian households, on the whole, show the least degree of crowding. The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number of persons per room:

TABLE 61.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The preceding table shows that in 710 households studied the average number of persons per room is 1.06. Of the total number of households 61.8 per cent have 1 or more persons per room, 8.5 per cent have 2 or more persons per room, and 0.4 per cent have 3 or more persons per room, while no households show 4 or more persons per room. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show an average of 1.15 persons per room, the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father show an average of 0.94, and those whose heads are native-born whites of native father show an average of 0.66 persons per room. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show a considerably higher per cent having 1 or more and 2 or more persons per room than do either the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father and those whose heads are native whites born of native father, which follow in the order named. The households the heads of which are of foreign birth show less than 1 per cent having 3 or more persons per room, while no households the

heads of which are native-born of foreign father and native whites of native father show any households having 3 or more persons per room. The households the heads of which are Poles show the largest proportion having 1 or more or 3 or more persons per room, and the households the heads of which are English the smallest percentage having 1 or more persons per room. No households the heads of which are English or Irish have 2 or more persons per room.

The range in the number of persons per sleeping room is shown by general nativity and race of head of household in the following table:

TABLE 62.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The above table shows that 2.02 is the average number of persons per sleeping room among the 710 households covered by the table. The average among foreign-born households is slightly higher, and that among native-born of foreign father considerably lower. The foreign-born have higher percentages of households which have each specified number of persons per sleeping room than the second generation, showing a considerably higher degree of crowding. Among the 9 foreign-born races for which percentages have been computed the South Italians, Greeks, and Hebrews show the greatest degree of crowding each reporting comparatively large proportions with 4 or more persons per sleeping room. The English and Irish show the least congestion.

In the following table which concludes the series the effect of congestion in the household upon sleeping and living arrangements is set

forth. The table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 63.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the above table it appears that 710 households had an average of nearly 5 rooms per household and more than 2 sleeping rooms. The averages per household of the foreign-born are nearly the same as the general averages, but the average number of rooms per household among the second generation is larger. The greater degree of crowding among the foreign-born in the locality is shown by their higher percentages of those sleeping in all rooms, all except one, and all except two, this nativity group being above the average in each The Polish, Lithuanians, Hebrews, and Greeks show the most congested conditions.

class.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-[Text Tables 64 to 78 and General Tables 35 to 44].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of the employees of the shoe manufacturing industry is set forth in the two tables which follow. The first table presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the per cent of employees for whom information was secured who were able to read and per cent who were able both to read and to write.

TABLE 64.-Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]