The foregoing table shows that 32.7 per cent of the 710 households included in this inquiry were keeping boarders or lodgers. The percentage for foreign-born was somewhat higher and that for the native-born of foreign father was somewhat lower. Most of the foreign-born races do not show any wide variations from the average. The exceptions are the Lithuanians and Poles, both of which races have more than double the average percentage of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

The table next submitted shows the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household. The averages are based (1) on the total number of households studied and (2) on the number of households having boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 56.-Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

Of 710 households concerning which information was secured 232 are keeping boarders or lodgers, the number of boarders or lodgers kept being 539. The average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the total number of households is 0.76 and the average number per household as based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers is 2.32. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show a considerably higher average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the total number of households than do either the households the heads of which are

native-born of foreign father or those whose heads are native whites born of native father, which follow in the order named. The households the heads of which are foreign-born also show a considerably higher average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers than either the households the heads of which are native whites born of native father or native-born of foreign father, which follow in the order named. Of the races among the foreign-born the households the heads of which are Lithuanians and Poles show by far the highest average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the total number of households and also on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. The households the heads of which are English show the smallest average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the total number of households, and the households the heads of which are Hebrew the lowest average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The range in the size of apartments occupied by the households studied is set forth in the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms: TABLE 57.—Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

A 4-room apartment is occupied by a greater proportion of the total number of households than any other size. Comparatively large proportions occupy 5 and 6 room apartments. The smaller apartments, 1, 2, and 3 rooms, are least frequently occupied. The households native-born of native father occupy 5 and 6 rooms most

commonly. The native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born occupy 4-room apartments more frequently than any other size. Unusually large proportions of the Greek households occupy 2 and 3 room apartments. The greater number of the specified races most frequently occupy 4 rooms. Of the Irish households, however, 50 per cent occupy apartments of 7 rooms or more. The French Canadians, English, and South Italians quite commonly occupy 5 and 6 room apartments.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table following exhibits the range in the size of households studied. It shows the percentage of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household. TABLE 58.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 710 households studied, 17.9 per cent consist of 3 persons; 15.8 per cent consist of 5 persons and slightly smaller proportions consist of 4 persons. Only 3.9 per cent consist of 10 or more persons. The foreign-born show a small proportion of households consisting of 10 or more persons, while the native-born of foreign father and nativeborn of native father show none. Among households of more than 6 persons the foreign-born predominate. In households consisting of 2 persons the native-born of foreign father show a decidedly larger proportion of households than do the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born races that report households consisting of 2 persons the English show the largest proportion, or 37.9 per cent. The Hebrews report none and French Canadians, Irish, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Poles show proportions less than 10 per cent. The Hebrews, in contrast with the small proportion of households consisting of 3 persons

show the largest proportion consisting of 4 persons. The Poles predominate in the tabulation of households consisting of 6 persons. That race shows 18.4 per cent, as compared with but 6.9 per cent of the English. None of the races show a proportion equal to 10 per cent of households consisting of 9 persons, while the English show none. None of the Irish or English households consist of 10 or more persons. Of the Lithuanians 14.8 per cent and of the Poles 10.2 per cent consist of 10 or more persons.

CONGESTION.

The extent to which crowding prevails in the households of the employees in the shoe manufacturing industry is indicated by the preceding tables. In the following series of tables the degree of congestion and its effect upon living arrangements is more directly set forth. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 59.-Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the above table it appears that there is an average of 5.20 persons to each apartment regardless of size. In apartments of 2 rooms each there are on an average 3.56 persons; in 3-room apartments the average number is 4.25 persons; the average for 4-room apartments is 5.04 persons; in the apartments of 6 rooms the average is 5.72 persons, and for apartments of 7 rooms or more the average is 5.76 persons. A comparison between the native-born of native father and the native-born of foreign father reveals a smaller average number of persons per apartment in the case of the former, and a comparison between these classes and those of foreign birth

shows the latter to have a considerably larger average number of persons per apartment than either of the other groups. Among the foreign-born races, only two, Polish and Lithuanian, average over 6 persons per apartment, while Armenians, Hebrews, North Italians, South Italians, French Canadians, and Irish average over 5 persons; with the Syrians and Greeks the average is over 4 persons to each apartment, and the lowest average is shown by the English with 3.55 persons per apartment. Among those living in 3-room apartments the Lithuanians and South Italians lead, averaging over 4 persons per apartment, and the Greeks show an average of 3 persons. Averaging over 7 persons per 4-room apartment, the Lithuanians show the most congested condition; second place is held by the Poles, with over 6 persons per apartment; then follow the South Italians and the Hebrews, each averaging over 5 persons; those averaging over 4 persons per apartment are the Armenians and Greeks, while the French Canadians with an average of something over 3 persons per apartment, is last on the list. An exceedingly high figure is shown by the Poles living in 5-room apartments; in fact, their average is over 8 persons per apartment. Each of these races, Hebrews, South Italians, French Canadians, and Armenians, average over 5 persons. Both French Canadians and Hebrews average more than 6 persons to each 6-room apartment, and the South Italians' average in the same regard is less than 6 persons. The French Canadians and the Irish are the only races reported with figures in the column living in those apartments of 7 rooms or more; the former averages over 6 persons per apartment, while the latter average is less than 6, but more than 5 persons.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:

TABLE 60.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room by general nativity and race of head of household.