ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The table next presented shows the yearly earnings of all males in the households studied 18 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual: TABLE 39.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages Average porting amount. and re- earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000. From the foregoing table a report is had from 1,081 males, 18 years of age or over, each one of whom earns, on an average, $502 a year. Of the total number reporting, 8 per cent earn under $200 per year. 41.8 per cent under $400, 70 per cent under $600, and 95 per cent earn $1,000. The earners of the highest wages are members of the group native-born of native father, whose annual average is $756, as against $633 for the native-born of foreign father. It will be noted that of the foreign races the English averaging over $700 per year display the highest ability as wage-earners, and the Canadian French and Irish, each averaging over $600, are next in order. These three are of the older immigration. One race, the Syrian, averages over $500 a year, while the Hebrews, North Italians, South Italians, and Armenians each average over $400, and the Poles and the Greeks average over $350 a year, while last place is held by the Lithuanians, whose yearly average is $337. No North Italians or Syrians earn under $200 a year, and less than 8 per cent of Lithuanians, English, Poles, Canadian French, Irish, and Hebrews do so, while there are about 15 per cent of Armenians and South Italians and over 25 per cent of Greeks whose earning capacity is such. Sixty-nine and three-tenths per cent of the Greeks, about 50 per cent of Lithuanians, South Italians, Poles, Armenians, North Italians, and Hebrews are earning under $400 a year, while the same is true of about 20 per cent of Canadian French and Syrian, 14.3 per cent of the Irish, and 11.8 per cent of the English. Over 90 per cent of Polish and Lithuanian males, about 80 per cent of the Greeks, South Italians, Hebrews, Armenians, and North Italians, are earning less than $600 a year. More than 50 per cent of Syrians and about 40 per cent of Canadian French and Irish are in that class, while of the English there is only 26.5 per cent earning under $600. All Armenians, North Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Syrians and over 95 per cent of Hebrews, Greeks, South Italians, and Irish are reported as earning under $1,000 a year, while not quite 90 per cent of English and Canadian French are thus reported. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of females, in the households studied, 18 years of age or over working for wages: TABLE 40.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. Number working (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) Number earning— Per cent earning General nativity and race of individual. for wages Average and re- earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $300. $100. $500. $200. $300. $400. $500. porting amount. In the greater number of cases females 18 years of age and over and working for wages earn under $400 per year. This is true of 78.6 per cent of the foreign-born and 52.3 per cent of the native-born of foreign father. The greater proportion, however, of the native females born of native father earn under $500 per year. The nativeborn of native father show the smallest proportion earning less than each specified amount; the foreign-born show the largest proportion. Consequently, relatively low earnings are most general in the latter class. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The annual income of families the heads of which are employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are studied in the next series of tabulations. The first table submitted in this connection, which follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount: TABLE 41.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Two families are included which report income as "none."] The greater proportion of the total number of selected families have a yearly income under $750. This is likewise true of 64.3 per cent of the foreign-born families. The greater proportion of the families of the native-born of native father and of the native-born of foreign father have a yearly income under $1,000. The foreign-born show in every instance the largest proportion having a total yearly income under each specified amount. Consequently, comparatively small incomes are more general among them than any other class. The greater part of the English have an income under $1,500; Irish and French Canadian families show the greater part having an income under $1,000. The Hebrews and Armenians have in the greater proportion of cases an income under $750. The remaining races show the greater proportion of families having an income under $500. WIVES AT WORK. The extent to which the wives of the families studied engage in regular employment outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is shown in the following table, according to general nativity and race of head of family: TABLE 42.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. None of Of the 652 wives included in the foregoing table, 70, or 10.7 per cent, are at work and earn an average of $246 per annum. the wives of the families the heads of which are Irish, as compared with 34.8 per cent of the wives of the families the heads of which are English, are at work. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. Although a considerable proportion of the wives of families, the heads of which were shoe-manufacturing employees, as well as other female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the home as a means of contributing to the family support, a very much larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which the wives find it necessary to supplement in this way the earnings of the husbands is set forth in the table following, according to yearly earnings of the husband and general nativity and race of head of family. 48296°-VOL 12-11-18 TABLE 43.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. a For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table. This column includes 21 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." "" c This column includes 7 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none.' TABLE 44.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.] a This column includes 7 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none." |