12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years: 13. To provide and maintain a navy:

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces:

To raise armies.

To provide a navy. Government of army and navy.

Militia.

of the militia.

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Confederacy, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions: 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, Organization, etc., and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the Confederacy, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress :

17. To make all laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers expressly delegated by this Constitution to this Provisional Government. 18. The Congress shall have power to admit other States. 19. This Congress shall also exercise Executive powers, until the President is inaugurated.

To make all laws into effect the powers

necessary to carry

expressly delegated by the Constitution. To admit States. To exercise Executive powers till Prest dent inaugurated.

SECTION 7.

Importation of

bidden.

1. The importation of African negroes from any foreign country other than the slave-holding States of the United States, is hereby African negroes forforbidden; and Congress are required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same.

2. The Congress shall also have power to prohibit the introduction of slaves from any State not a member of this Confederacy. 3. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended unle-s, when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.

Introduction of

slaves prohibited.

Writ of Habeas

Corpus.

Bill of Attainder, or ex post facto law. No p eference to

4. No Bill of Attainder, or ex post facto law shall be passed. 5. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall ports of one State vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, in another.

over another.

No money drawn from the treasury but

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account by law. Receipts and of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published expenditures publishfrom time to time.

ed.

sury. When autho

7. Congress shall appropriate no money from the treasury, unless it Appropriations of be asked and estimated for by the President or some one of the heads money from the trea of Departments, except for the purpose of paying its own expenses and contingencies.

rized.

No title of nobility

Religious freedom

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Confederacy; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under it, shall, without the to be granted. consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign State. 9. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercises thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of such grievances as the delegated powers of this Government may warrant it to consider and redress.

Freedom of speech

and of the press. Right of petition.

Right to bear and

10. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be keep arms. infringed.

.

Quartering of sol

diera.

Unreasonable searches and seizures prohibited.

11. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

12. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not No warrant to issue be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supbut on oath or affir- ported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

mation.

Trials for capital

crtines.

put in jeopardy of

offence: nor compell

13. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise inoffances, or infamous famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, No one to be twice except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, life or limb, for same when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any od to testify against person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of himself; nor be de- life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witwithout process of ness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without du process cf law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

prived of life, etc.,

law.

Private property

compensation.

oriminal cases.

not to be taken for public use, without 14. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to Trial by jury in a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

Trial by jury in civil cases.

Eoessive bail not

to be required, nor

15. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the Confederacy, than according to the rules of the common law.

16. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im-

excessive fine im- posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

posed or punishment inflicted.

certain rights not to

17. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not Enumeration of be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 18. The powers not delegated to the Confederacy by the Constitution, others retained by nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, Reserved powers. or to the people.

ba construed to deny

people.

Limitation of the udioial power.

19. The judicial power of the Confederacy shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the States of the Confederacy, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.

SECTION 8.

Limitation of the

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; powers of the States. grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the nett produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the Confederacy, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State, shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

ARTICLE II.

SECTION 1.

Executive power vested in. President.

1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the Confederate States of America. He, together with the Vice President, shall hold his office for one year, or until this Provisional Government shall be superceded by a Permanent Government, whichsoever shall fice and of the office first occur.

Duration of his of

of Vice-President.

President and Vice

President.

the President.

2. The President and Vice-President shall be elected by ballot by Manner of electing the States represented in this Congress, each State casting one vote, and a majority of the whole being requisite to elect. 3. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of one of Qualifications of the States of this Confederacy at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident of one of the States of this Confederacy.

plied.

4. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his Vacancy in office of death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of President; how sup the said office, (which inability shall be determined by a vote of twothirds of the Congress,) the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected.

the services of the President.

5. The President shall at stated times receive for his services, during Compensation for the period of the Provisional Government, a compensation at the rate of twenty-five thousand dollars per annum; and he shall not receive during that period any other emolument from this Confederacy, or any of the States thereof.

6. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Confederate States of America, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution thereof.

Oath of office of President.

SECTION 2.

Powera and duties

1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the Confederacy, and of the militia of the several States, when of the President. called into the actual service of the Confederacy; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for May grant reprieves offences against the Confederacy, except in cases of impeachment.

and pardons.

May make treaties, by and with consent

Appointments to

office.

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Congress, to make treaties; provided two-thirds of the Congress con- of Congress. cur and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Congress, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the courts, and all other officers of the Confederacy whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which. shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may

Vacancies during

the recess of Con-happen during the recess of the Congress, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

gress,

President to give Congress information of the state of the Confederacy.

SECTION 8.

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Confederacy, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on May convene Con- extraordinary occasions, convene the Congress at such times as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; Other powers and he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the Confederacy.

gress on extraordinary occasions.

duties.

Removals from ofAce on conviction of crimes.

Judicial power vested in Supreme Court, etc.

District Courts es

risdiction.

2. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the Confederacy shall be removed from office on conviction by the Congress of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors: a vote of two-thirds shall be necssary for such conviction.

ARTICLE III.

SECTION 1.

1. The judicial power of the Confederacy shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as are herein directed, or as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

2. Each State shall constitute a District, in which there shall be a tablished; their ju- court called a District Court, which, until otherwise provided by the Congress, shall have the jurisdiction vested by the laws of the United States, as far as applicable, in both the District and Circuit Courts of the United States, for that State; the Judge whereof shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Congress, and shall, until otherwise provided by the Congress, exercise the power and authority vested by the laws of the United States in the Judges of the District and Circuit Courts of the United States, for that State, and shall appoint the times and places at which the courts shall be held. Appeals from Dis- Appeals may be taken directly from the District Courts to the Supreme Court, under similar regulations to those which are provided in cases of appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, or under such When commissions regulations as may be provided by the Congress. The commissions of of the judges expire. all the judges shall expire with this Provisional Government.

trict Courts to the Supreme Court.

Supreme Court con

stituted of the Dis

3. The Supreme Court shall be constituted of all the District Judges, trict Judges; when a majority of whom shall be a quorum, and shall sit at such times and and where to sit. places as the Congress shall appoint.

in the Courts of the

eracy.

Transfer of causes 4. The Congress shall have power to make laws for the transfer of United States, to the any causes which were pending in the courts of the United States, to courts of the Confed the courts of the Confederacy, and for the execution of the orders, Decrees, etc., of decrees and judgments heretofore rendered by the said courts of the United States; and also all las which may be requisite to protect the parties to all such suits, orders, judgments, or decrees, their heirs, personal representatives, or assignees.

U. 8. courts.

Protection of par

tes to suits.

Extent of judicial power.

SECTION 2.

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases of law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and of this Confederacy, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under its authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the Confederacy shall be a party; controversies between *This paragraph amended. See post, p. 9.

two or more States; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same States claiming lands under grants of different States.

tion of the Supreme

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and Original jurisdic consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court Court. shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, Appellate jurisdicthe Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and tion. fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Trial by jury.

SECTION 8.

what constitutes

treason, and how to

be proved.

1. Treason against this Confederacy shall consist only in levying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of trea- Punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- corruption of blood, feiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV.

son. Not to work

etc.

SECTION 1.

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved and the effect of such proof.

SECTION 2.

The public acts,eto

of the States to have

full faith and credit.

Citizens of the Etates entitled to equal privileges.

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other Fugitives from juscrime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the

crime.

tice.

Fugitive slaves.

3. A slave in one State, escaping to another, shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom said slave may belong by the executive authority of the State in which such slave shall be found, and in case of any abduction or forcible rescue, full compensation, including the tion or rescue of value of the slave and all costs and expenses, shall be made to the tion to be made. party, by the State in which such abduction or rescue shall take place.

SECTION 3.

In case of abducslave, full compensa

government guaran

1. The Confederacy shall guarantee to every State in this union, a Republican form of republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against teed to each state; invasion; and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive, invasion and domes(when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence. tic violence.

and protection from