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The races having large proportions of persons now able to read who came here under 14 years of age are the Croatian, Irish, Welsh, and North Italian; those having small proportions are the Mexican and South Italian. Of those able to read who came to the United States when 14 or over the races having large percentages are the Irish, Welsh, and North Italian; those having the small percentages are the Mexican, South Italian, and Slovak.

The proportion of individuals able both to read and to write is 79.7 per cent for those who came to this country when under 14 years of age, and 71.8 per cent for those who came when 14 or over. Among the former the high percentages are for the Croatians, Welsh, Irish, and North Italians, and the low percentages are for the Mexicans and South Italians. The races having large proportions of persons who can both read and write among those who came here when 14 years of age or over are the Irish, North Italian, and Welsh in the order mentioned; and those having the small proportions are the Mexican, South Italian, Lithuanian, and Polish.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The conjugal condition of the mining employees is of importance in its bearing upon the general character of the immigrant labor supply. The following table shows the proportion of married and unmarried men among the employees 20 years of age or over in the bituminous coal mines of the Southwest. The employees are classified according to race and general nativity.

TABLE 438.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the total number of 6,123 furnishing information for the preceding table, 64.8 per cent are married, 32.1 per cent are single, and 3.1 per cent are widowed. The proportion of married men is higher among the native-born, considered as a whole, than among the foreign-born, but lower among the native-born of foreign father than among either the native-born of native father or the foreign-born. Between the native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born the variation is very slight. The proportion of widowed men is higher for the nativeborn than for the foreign-born. It is highest for the American

negroes.

The foreign races having large proportions of married men are the English, Scotch, German, French, and Polish, in the order mentioned. Of these, the English, Scotch, and German have a larger proportion of married men than have the native whites of native father. The races having large proportions of single men are the Lithuanian, South Italian, North Italian, and Mexican. The Irish have a much larger proportion of widowed than any other foreign race.

It will be noted that the proportion of married men is in general highest among the races of past immigration, so far as these are represented in the locality, and lowest among the races of recent immigration.

The table next presented exhibits the per cent of individual employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race.

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TABLE 439.

-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the native-born between 20 and 29 years of age, the whites report 56.5 per cent married and 2.3 per cent widowed, as compared with 53.2 per cent and 3.8 per cent, respectively, of the negroes. The native-born whose fathers were born in England show a larger proportion married than do those whose fathers were born in Scotland or Ireland; also a slightly larger per cent than the negroes. Among the foreign-born between 20 and 29 years of age, the English report 70.6 per cent married and 2 per cent widowed, as compared with 61.5 per cent of Scotch who are married and none who are widowed. The next largest per cent of married males is shown by the Mexicans, reporting 43.8 per cent. Aside from the Lithuanians reporting 23.4 per cent married, very little difference exists between the proportions shown for other races.

The largest per cent married between 30 and 44 years of age is shown by the native-born males whose fathers were born in Scotland, who report 90.6 per cent. They are followed by the whites nativeborn of native father, the French, and the second generation of Irish. Comparing the Poles, Slovenians, Germans, Slovaks, and second generation of English little difference in the per cent of married males exists. The native-born males whose fathers were born in England, however, report the largest per cent widowed, or 4.3 per cent, as compared with 3.2 per cent Germans and 2.8 per cent Poles. The Slovaks and Slovenians report none widowed. The negroes show the largest per cent widowed-8.4, as compared with 5.8 per cent Scotch, who report the next highest. Nearly three-fourths of the North Italians between 30 and 44 years of age are married, and 3.1 per cent are widowed. The North Italians are followed by the Lithuanians, South Italians, and Mexicans, the last-named showing a smaller per cent of married persons between 30 and 44 years of age than any other race.

Of the employees over 45 years of age, 82.8 per cent of the entire number reporting are married, and 6.8 per cent widowed. Practically no difference exists between the native and foreign-born as to the per cent of married persons, but the native-born report a larger per cent of widowed persons than do the foreign-born. The Mexicans report only 59.3 per cent married among the employees over 45 years of age and 7.4 per cent widowed, as compared with the next lowest, the negroes, who report 74.6 per cent married and 12.3 per cent widowed. The Poles over 45 years of age report 90.6 per cent married, the highest per cent reported by any race. Germans, Scotch, English, South Italians, and native-born males whose fathers were born in Scotland show very slight differences among those beyond 45 years of age in the percentage of married persons.

It is worthy of note that only the males whose fathers were born in England and of those whose fathers were born in Scotland over 45 years of age report all of their number either married or widowed, and only one race, the Slovak, reports none widowed.

In addition to the individual study, data were also collected as to the conjugal condition of the members of the immigrant households studied. This information is presented in the table on the page opposite by sex, age groups, and general nativity and race.

TABLE 440.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

(This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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