The table, which shows in detail the average number of persons per room, as well as the number of households having each specified number of persons per room, follows:

TABLE 431.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The average number of persons per room has already been discussed in connection with Table 430, and the primary purpose of this table is to show the proportion of households having each specified number of persons per room. Of the 476 households included in the table above, 85.3 per cent have one or more persons per room, 27.5 per cent have two or more per room, 4 per cent have three or more per room, and two households, or 0.4 per cent of the total, have four or more per room. The per cent of households with two or more persons per room is 30.1 for foreign households, 25.9 for negro households, and 9.4 for native white households. The Slovaks show the largest proportion of households with that number of persons per room, the per cent being 44.9; the Welsh, with 11.1 per cent, show the lowest proportion among foreign households.

The crowded living conditions become more apparent when the effect upon sleeping quarters and living arrangements is considered. In the following table figures are given showing the number of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room:

TABLE 432.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Of the total number of households, 390, or 81.9 per cent, report two or more persons per sleeping room; 199, or 41.8 per cent, three or more persons per sleeping room; 92, or 19.3 per cent, four or more persons per sleeping room; 39, or 8.2 per cent, five or more persons to the sleeping room; and 12, or 2.5 per cent, six or more persons to the sleeping room. In only 86 households, or 18.1 per cent of the total, is the average number of persons to the sleeping room less than two. The figures include all the members of each household; children as well as adults, lodgers as well as members of the families.

Overcrowding is more general among the foreign-born individuals than among the native-born, either whites or negroes. The percentages of households reporting two or more persons to a sleeping room is, for the foreign-born considered as a whole, 82.1 per cent and for the native-born considered as a whole 81.3 per cent. The percentage reporting three or more persons to a room is 42.2 per cent for the total foreign-born, and 40 per cent for the native-born; the percentage reporting four persons to a room is 21.2 per cent for the foreignborn and 10 per cent for the native-born; the percentage reporting five or more persons to the room is 9.3 per cent for the foreign-born and 2.5 per cent for the native-born; 3 per cent of the foreign-born households and none of the native-born report six or more persons to the sleeping room.

Among the native households reporting two or more persons to the room, the negroes show 81.5 per cent, and the whites 81.1 per cent. The percentage of households reporting three or more persons to the sleeping room is higher for the whites than for the negroes. The same is true of the households reporting four or more persons to the room. Three and eight-tenths per cent of the white households and none of the negro households report five or more persons to the sleeping room.

The proportion of foreign-born individuals reporting two or more persons per sleeping room is, in most cases, slightly over 80 per cent. Of the Mexicans, however, 97.6 per cent, report two or more persons to the sleeping room. In the percentage of households having three or more persons to the sleeping room, the Mexicans again lead the other foreign races, and Slovaks, Poles, South Italians, Welsh, Lithuanians, North Italians, Irish, and Croatians follow in the order mentioned. The percentage reported by the Mexicans is 59.5, that reported by the Croatians, 14.3; 40.5 per cent of the Mexican, and 4.8 per cent of the Croatian households report four or more persons per sleeping room; 23.8 per cent of the Mexican, and 3.7 per cent of the Welsh households report five or more persons per sleeping room; 9.5 per cent of the Mexican, and 1 per cent of the North Italian households report six or more persons per sleeping room. No Croatian households report five or more persons per sleeping room, and no Lithuanian households six or more persons per sleeping room. The figures and percentages may be taken, to indicate that overcrowding is most general among the Mexicans, Slovaks, and Poles. Conditions seem to be far worse in the Mexican households than in those of any other race. The figures indicate further that there are fewer persons per sleeping room in the households of the Croatians, than in the households of the American whites. Overcrowding is apparently less general with the American negroes than with the majority of the foreign races.

In addition to the foregoing it is important to note what effect these tendencies, considered both separately and in their relation to one another, may have upon the number of rooms not used for sleeping, but reserved for use as kitchens, dining rooms, or living rooms. Data upon this subject are given in the following table:

TABLE 433.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

For the

The average number of rooms for all households is 3.34. foreign households the figure is 3.27; for the native-born it is 3.65. Of the native-born, the American whites report an average of 3.85 rooms to a household, and the American negroes an average of 3.26. The race that shows the largest average number of rooms per household is the Welsh; the one having the smallest average number is the Polish. For the Welsh the figure is 4.41; for the Polish it is 2.78.

The American whites report a larger average number of rooms than any foreign race except the Welsh and the Irish, and the American negroes a larger average number than any foreign race except the Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians. In the order of the average number of rooms per household, the races rank as follows: Welsh, Irish, American white, Lithuanian, American negro, Magyar, Croatian, South Italian, North Italian, Slovak, Mexican, and Polish.

What proportion of the rooms of the apartments are used as sleeping rooms may be seen upon a comparison of the figures just referred to with those given in the third column of the table. The average number of sleeping rooms for all the households is 1.90. There is little difference between the average for the foreign-born considered as a whole, and that for the native-born, the figure being 1.90 for the former and 1.93 for the latter. Of the native-born the whites report an average of 1.98 sleeping rooms to a household and

the negroes an average of 1.81. The race having the largest average number of sleeping rooms per household is the Irish; that having the smallest average number, the Mexican. In the order of the average number of sleeping rooms per household the races rank as follows: Irish, Lithuanian, Welsh, American white, South Italian, Croatians, American negro, Magyar, Slovak and Polish, and Mexican.

The relation between the number of rooms per apartment and the number of sleeping rooms per apartment may best be seen from the numbers and percentages given in the table showing in what proportion in the households of different races all the rooms are used as sleeping rooms, in what proportion all the rooms but one are used as sleeping rooms, and in what proportion all the rooms but two are used as sleeping rooms. From the number of rooms not slept in, it will be easy to determine what opportunity each family has for a separate living room, whether or not the cooking must be done in the living room, and whether, as happens in some cases, the room in which the cooking is done must be used also as a bedroom. A comparison of the different races in this respect is not only of interest, but will also serve, it is believed, as a reliable indication of their relative standards of living. In 1.1 per cent of the households all the rooms of the apartment were occupied as sleeping rooms. In none of the apartments occupied by the native-born were all the rooms used as sleeping rooms. Stating the results, by races, in numbers, it appears that in one North Italian, one Mexican, one Slovak, and two Polish households the kitchen is used as a living room and also as a sleeping

room.

All of the rooms but one are used as sleeping rooms in 65.8 per cent of all the households. The proportion of the foreign-born households in which this occurs is 69.2 per cent; that of the native-born, 48.7 per cent. For the American whites the figure is 39.6 per cent; for the American negroes it is 66.7 per cent. The foreign race reporting the largest proportion of households in which all the rooms. but one are used as sleeping rooms is the Polish; that reporting the smallest proportion is the Welsh. The percentage of households in which all the rooms but one are slept in is smaller for the American whites than for any of the foreign races except the Welsh. In a descending order of percentages the races rank in this respect as follows: Polish, South Italian, North Italian, Slovak, Croatian, American negro, Lithuanian, Mexican, Irish. American white, and Welsh.

The percentages in the next column of the table show the proportion of households in which all the rooms but two are used as sleeping rooms. For all the households the percentage is 23.7, for the nativeborn it is 33.8, and for the foreign born it is 21.7. The figure for the American whites is 39.6 per cent; that for the American negroes, 22.2 per cent. In descending order of percentages the races in this class rank as follows: Mexican, Lithuanian, American white, Irish, Welsh, Croatian, American negro, Slovak, North Italian, and South Italian. Where two of the rooms of an apartment are not used as sleeping rooms it would seem possible to have not only a separate kitchen, but a separate living room. Such a situation may be taken to signify a comparatively advanced standard of living, and probably does in certain cases. In other cases, however, such an assumption