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Of the total of 476 households, only 83 keep boarders or lodgers, and 81 of these are among the races of foreign birth. The Croatian households show no boarders or lodgers at all, and there is only one among the 27 Welsh households. The Slovak and Irish races each have but two households keeping boarders or lodgers. The 36 Lithuanian families have the largest percentage of boarding houses, 55.6 per cent of their homes being reported as such. The Poles, likewise represented by 36 households, rank next, with boarders or lodgers in 30.6 per cent of their households. The North and South Italians show 25 per cent and 25.7 per cent, respectively, of their households with boarders or lodgers.

The average number of boarders or lodgers per household in the Southwest, by general nativity and race of head of household, is presented in the table below. Two averages are given, the first based on the total number of households and the second on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers:

TABLE 427.—Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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Out of the 476 households reporting complete data in the above table, 17.4 per cent keep boarders or lodgers, averaging 2.41 per household. Only one of the 53 native white households keeps boarders or lodgers, while 81 of the 396 foreign households are so reported, showing an average of 0.5, based on the total number of households, and 2.43 per household keeping boarders or lodgers.

The greatest number of foreign households for any one race, 96, is reported for the North Italians, 24 of which keep boarders or lodgers. This race shows the maximum average of 3.92 boarders or lodgers based on the number of householders keeping boarders or lodgers. The Lithuanians average 1.11 boarders or lodgers per household based on the total number of households, which is the highest entry presented on that basis. The same race shows 2 boarders or lodgers to each house keeping boarders or lodgers. As regards the Mexicans, it is noticed that 9 households out of 42 reporting keep 15 boarders or lodgers.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

As regards the housing conditions of the families studied, it will be instructive to consider, first, the relative size of apartments occupied. TABLE 428.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the entire number of households for which data were secured, 69.4 per cent, as shown by the preceding table, lived in three rooms or less and 90.4 per cent in four rooms or less; 4.4 per cent occupied six or more rooms.

Of the households the heads of which were foreign-born, 70.5 per cent occupied three rooms or less and 89.2 per cent four rooms or less. Of the households the heads of which were native-born, 53.7 per cent occupied three rooms or less and 86.2 per cent four rooms or less. It will thus be seen that the tendency to live in dwellings of less than three or four rooms is much more general on the part of the foreignborn than on the part of the native-born. If, however, a distinction be made between the native-born whites and the negroes it will be seen that an even larger proportion of the latter than of the foreignborn occupied three rooms or less. Of the households the heads of which were white native-born of native father, only 45.3 per cent

lived in less than four rooms. This percentage is less than that for any foreign race except the Welsh and Irish.

The percentages for the foreign-born show that the proportion of households occupying two rooms is largest among the Poles, Mexicans, and South Italians, in the order mentioned, and smallest among the Welsh and Irish; that the proportion of households occupying three rooms is largest among the Slovaks, North Italians, Croatians, and South Italians, in the order mentioned, and smallest among the Welsh and Irish; and that the proportion of households occupying four rooms is largest among the Welsh, Lithuanians, and Croatians, in the order named, and smallest among the Slovaks and Poles. Households occupying five or more rooms are far more general among the Welsh, Irish, and Lithuanians than among the other races of foreign birth.

The table shows that the households, the heads of which are Welsh or Irish, occupy, upon an average, the largest number of rooms, those the heads of which are white native-born of native father a number rather less, and the households of American negroes and the races of continental Europe a very small number of rooms.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the following table percentages are given showing the number of individuals to a household:

TABLE 429.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all

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Of the total number of households covered by the foregoing table, 14.9 per cent are of two persons, 16 per cent are of three persons, 19.3 per cent are of four persons, 14.9 per cent are of five persons, 12.6 per cent are of six persons, and 21.8 per cent are of seven or more persons. The average number of persons to a household is in general

considerably larger among the foreign-born than among the nativeborn, the percentage of households of three persons or less being 40.1 for the native-born and 29.5 for the foreign-born; that of households of four, five, or six persons, for the native-born 41.3 and for the foreignborn 48; and that of households of seven or more persons 18.8 for the native-born and 22.5 for the foreign-born.

Among the foreign-born races, the number of persons to a household varies greatly. The figures show that the proportion of households of but two persons is largest among the Croatians, Welsh, and Poles in the order mentioned, and smallest among the Irish and the North Italians; that the proportion of households of three persons is largest among the South Italians, North Italians, and Mexicans in the order mentioned, and smallest among the Croatians, Irish, and Lithuanians; that the proportion of households of four persons is largest among the Poles, Welsh, North Italians, and Slovaks, and smallest among the South Italians; that the proportion of households of five persons is largest among the Lithuanians, Mexicans, and Croatians, and smallest among the Welsh and Slovaks; that the proportion of households of six persons is largest among the Poles, Welsh, and Slovaks, and smallest among the Mexicans and North Italians; and that the proportion of households of seven or more persons is largest among the Irish, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Slovaks, and smallest among the Croatians and Poles. Large households appear to be more general with the Irish than with any other race.

CONGESTION.

In a study of congestion the foregoing discussion may be summarized by showing, by general nativity and race, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

TABLE 430.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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For all races and nativities the average number of persons to an apartment, as shown by the preceding table, is 4.84. The average for the foreign-born, 4.92, is greater than that for the native-born, 4.45. Of the native-born, the whites and negroes reported substantially the same average number of persons to the apartment, 4.45 and 4.44, respectively. Passing to the foreign-born, the greatest average number of persons to an apartment is found among the Irish, and the smallest among the Croatians. The figure for the Irish is 5.79; that for the Croatians, 4. In the order of those for which the largest average number of persons per household is reported, the different races rank as follows: Irish, Lithuanians, Slovaks, North Italians, Magyars, South Italians, Poles, Mexicans and Welsh, American whites, American negroes, and Croatians. It will be noted that with the single exception of the Croatians the native-born, both whites and negroes, have the smallest households.

Figures showing the number of persons per apartment, while of interest, do not determine definitely the degree of congestion prevailing. Clearly there is no more overcrowding in a household of six living in three rooms than in a household of twelve living in six rooms. The relation existing between the number of persons and the number of rooms is the true indication of congestion.

It appears from the table that the average number of persons per room, for all the households for which data were secured, is 1.45. For the foreign-born, considered as a whole, the number is 1.50. For the native-born it is 1.22. The native whites report an average number of 1.16 persons to the room as against 1.36 for the negroes. Among the foreign-born, the races having the largest number of persons to the room are the Slovak and Polish; the one having the smallest number, the Welsh. For the Slovaks and the Poles the figure is 1.70; for the Welsh, it is 1.06. Those having the greatest number of persons per room rank by races as follows: Slovak and Polish, Mexican, North Italian, South Italian, Magyar, Lithuanian, Irish, American negro, Croatian, American white, and Welsh.

It is believed that the figures referred to form a trustworthy indication of the relative prevalence of congestion or overcrowding among the different races. The figures appearing in the last column of the table supply further information upon the subject of congestion. These figures show the average number of persons per sleeping room.

For all races and nativities the average number of persons to a sleeping room is 2.54, the average for the foreign-born, 2.59, being greater than that for the native-born, which is 2.31. Of the nativeborn the whites report 2.25 and the negroes 2.45 persons to a sleeping

Among the foreign-born the race having the largest number of persons per sleeping room is the Mexican, the race having the smallest is the Croatian. For the Mexicans the figure is 3.27, for the Croatians it is 2.15. Congestion in all the rooms is most general among the Poles, Slovaks, and Mexicans, and least general among the Welsh, American whites, and Croatians.

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