TABLE XXIII. Infant mortality in European countries, 1908 XXIV. Death rates from affections connected with pregnancy, 1900 PAGE 185 186 XXV. Days in bed after delivery of cases cared for by midwives, New York City, 1912-19 189 XXVI. Births attended by midwives in New York XXVII. Fee rates for delivery of 285 cases, New XXVIII. Death rates per 1,000 births for infants at- XXIX. The kinds of maternity care secured by patients of various races in New York, 1903-18 XXX. Number and per cent of 1,055 cases treated by the Central Free Dispensary, Rush Medical College, by nationality XXXI. Number and per cent of 3,536 New York City cases using hospitals and dispensaries, by nationality XXXII. Outstanding problems of the foreign born in industry, mentioned by seventy industrial physicians XXXIII. Comparison of the weight and height of children of different ages living in Bourne- 197 202 214 231 331 333 348 362 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Frontispiece What Way of Teaching Immigrants Habits of Health 73 In Peasant Countries Bathing and Washing were Done 86 Is It Any Wonder It Takes Time to Learn to Use a 87 In Europe Garbage and Waste were Burned or Fed to the Animals 118 In America Disposal of Refuse is a Public Function 119 The Immigrants Lived, Worked, and Played Out of 125 Development Needed in Maternity Care 227 Nurse Must Relieve the Doctor in Caring for Many 237 In Europe the Milk Supply was in the Front Yard 250 In America Milk from a Distance Makes New Re quirements 251 Temporary Shanties May Be the Only Homes for Immigrants in Mining Communities 369 Community Equipment for Health Education 411 INTRODUCTION THE purpose of this book is to help interrelate the socalled Americanization movement in the United States with the many efforts toward the betterment of health conditions and the improvement of facilities for the care and prevention of disease. Americanization should include interplay between native and foreign born in all the important aspects of life, including the care and promotion of health. Therefore, the physicians, nurses, social workers, and administrators who are professionally concerned with medical and health work need to study people as well as technique, and adapt the policies and methods of their work to psychological as well as technical conditions. The larger part of the book has been written by the undersigned, as chief of that division of the Americanization Study entitled Health Standards and Care. The writer accepts general responsibility for the book as a whole, due credit being given in this preface to the members of the staff or to co-operating specialists for the responsible parts which they have taken in collecting and summarizing material for particular parts of the book. Miss Linda James was general assistant to the chief of this division of this study during the year and a half of its course. She is especially responsible for gathering the material on industrial medicine in relation to the foreign born, and for the statistical |