has the power to put him out of business by refusing to print his fraudulent advertisements. There is both Federal and state legislation framed to control his activities, and certain health organizations, public or private, seek to bring him to justice. It is obvious that these forces are not yet sufficiently developed to meet the situation.

EXPOSURE THROUGH PUBLICITY

In 1905 Mr. Samuel Hopkins Adams in Collier's Weekly called the attention of its readers to the enormity of quack frauds in some vivid and reliable articles. The Chicago Tribune followed up the work of exposure. Dr. Harvey Wiley, in popular writings in Good Housekeeping and elsewhere, has made people think and question a bit before buying cure-alls and wonder remedies.

The American Medical Association has done and is doing valuable work in laboratory analysis of many quack preparations and patent medicines and in the publication of many articles and pamphlets on nostrums and quackery. The following pamphlets and others can be secured from the American Medical Association at 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago: 'Cancer Cure Frauds," "Consumption Cures," "Convictions Under the Food and Drugs Act," "Epilepsy Cures," "Female Weakness Cures," "Medical Institutes," "Men's Specialists."

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These publications, however, reach few of the laity, and one might guess that the average doctor is too busy to do much in spreading the information that is at hand. The more popular articles in newspapers

and magazines have had some effect upon native public opinion, but they could not be expected to reach the great mass of immigrants.

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE FOREIGN-LANGUAGE PRESS

Although a certain amount of business comes to quacks through circulars or personal connections, newspaper advertising supports the big end of the business. The great majority of foreign-language newspapers accept quack advertisements indiscriminately, and to this extent they are party to their frauds.

An analysis of our quack and patent-medicine advertisements was made on the basis of the advertising rates sent by the publishers of the papers. Sixty-two papers sent us their rates. Of these, fiftythree had medical advertisements. The accompanying table gives in detail the amount of space devoted to medical advertisements in one issue, selected at random, of each of a number of newspapers. All are from about the same period in 1918. The estimated income from these advertisements is calculated from the rates as given, and what per cent it bears in each paper to the total advertising income is estimated from the space utilized at the various rates. This showed that the income to the newspapers from medical advertising was usually a considerable percentage of their income from their whole advertising. The table also classifies the papers according to language. It may be seen that as a rule the papers of the nationalities which have arrived more recently derive larger proportions of income

from medical advertisement. This is not invariably true, but the trend is sufficient to warrant the generalization that the more helpless immigrants are the most exposed to exploitation of this sort.

TABLE XXII

PERCENTAGE OF ADVERTISING INCOME DERIVED FROM MEDICAL ADVERTISING IN CERTAIN FOREIGN-LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS

Il Progresso-Italo-Americano. New York... 60

It is right to mention with emphasis a certain group of progressive or altruistic papers whose publishers refuse medical advertisements altogether or censor the few that they do publish. The stand taken by these papers is best shown by quotations from their letters, written in reply to our request for rates.

This newspaper does not accept medical advertising, because it cannot help entertain the feeling that most of the medical advertisements in the foreign-language press are not straight. Since it is very hard to draw the line, we made it a rule not to consider such advertising offers, in spite of the fact that the expenses of getting out publications nowadays are mounting every day.-Magyar Muskaslap (Hungarian), New York City.

We feel very sorry to state that for some time past our paper has refused all medical advertisements.-Le Courier Franco-Americain, Chicago.

Medical advertisements subject to approval of publishers.-Tidende (Norwegian), Minneapolis.

Medical advertisement limited to business cards with name, address, and business hours of professional physicians. —Atlantis (Greek), New York City.

In regard to our rate for medical advertisement, will say that we would desire to receive a copy of the advertisement that you are contemplating to publish, as we are only accepting limited amount of medical advertisements, and we shall quote you our advertising rate.-Den Danske Pioneer (Danish), Omaha.

Before you place your advertisement please let us know what nature is your advertisement going to be, as we do not put advertisement in the paper that would harm our clean reputation and the readers of this newspaper.-NEW TIMES PUBLISHING COMPANY (Slovak), Chicago.

No special rates given for medical advertising. In fact, we don't cater to such advertisements unless they are the best kind. -The Greek Star, Chicago.