foreign-born males. Of the native-born of foreign father the males of English parentage show the highest and those of Swedish parentage the lowest average yearly earnings. Of the foreign-born males, the Swedes show the highest and the Ruthenians the lowest average yearly earnings.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 176.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of 209 females 18 years of age or over, shown in the above table, 32.1 per cent earn under $200, 75.1 per cent earn under $300, 94.7 per cent earn under $400, and 96.2 per cent earn under $500. The average earnings per year for all females for whom information was secured is $248. The foreign-born females show a considerably higher percentage earning each specified amount than the females who are native-born of foreign father, the average yearly earnings of the latter being $305 as contrasted with $224 for the former. Of the females who are native-born of foreign father those of Swedish parentage show average yearly earnings of $370, and the females of German parentage show average yearly earnings of $305. Of the foreign-born females, the Ruthenians show a higher per cent earning under $200 and under $300 than the Poles; but females of each of 48296°- -VOL 17-11-17

these races show 100 per cent earning under $400. The Polish females show average yearly earnings of $238 as contrasted with $158 which is the average yearly earnings of the Slovak females.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tables next presented, the yearly income of the families studied, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are considered. The first table submitted in this connection shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 177.—Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.}

Of 705 families selected for study and shown in the above table, 4.4 per cent have a total yearly income under $300, 30.4 per cent a total yearly income under $500, 65.1 per cent under $750, 83 per cent under $1,000 and 96.5 per cent a total yearly income of under $1,500. Families the heads of which are of foreign birth show the highest percentage having an income of under $300, under $500, under $750 and under $1,000. Families the heads of which are native whites born of native father show the next highest percentage having an income of under $300 and under $500, and families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father show the second largest proportions having a total income of under $750 and under $1,000. The families whose heads are native whites born of native father show the highest percentage having a total yearly income of under $1,500 followed in the order mentioned by the families the heads of which are of foreign birth and those whose heads are native-born of foreign father.

Families whose heads are native-born of foreign father show an average family income of $885 as contrasted with $841 for families the heads of which are native whites born of native father and $686

for families the heads of which are of foreign birth. Of the families whose heads of which are foreign-born, those whose heads are Slovaks show the highest percentage, having an income of under $300, while no families the heads of which are Germans and Swedes have an average income of under this amount. The families whose heads are Ruthenians show the highest percentage, having an income of under $500, under $750, and under $1,000. Families the heads of which are South Italians, Ruthenians, and Slovaks show 100 per cent having an average yearly income of under $1,500, while families whose heads are Germans show only 83.3 per cent. The families the heads of which are Germans show an average family income of $1,078 as contrasted with $482 which is the average income in families the heads of which are Ruthenians.

WIVES AT WORK.

The disposition of wives to engage in occupations outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is indicated by the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the proportion of wives at work.

TABLE 178.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

The preceding table shows that in 705 selected families there are 697 wives, 4.6 per cent of whom are at work, their average yearly earnings being $220. Of the wives in families the heads of which are of foreign birth, 5.2 per cent, as contrasted with only 1.4 per cent of the wives in families the heads of which are native whites born of native father are employed. Of wives in families the heads of which are of foreign birth, the Ruthenians show 11.5 per cent, closely followed by the Polish wives with 10.6 per cent who are at work. The wives in the families the heads of which are Slovaks show 6.6 per cent and the German wives only 4.4 per cent as contrasted with no South Italians, Lithuanian or Swedish wives who are working. The

Polish wives show average yearly earnings of $282 as contrasted with $225, which is the average yearly earnings of wives in the families the heads of which are of foreign birth.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

It has been seen that only a small proportion of the wives in the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion of the wives supplements the earnings of the heads by keeping boarders or lodgers. The extent to which this is done is indicated by the following table, which shows, by yearly earnings of husbands and by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 179.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.

This column includes 4 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."

TABLE 180.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

The preceding table shows that in families where the earnings of husband are under $400 per year, 63.9 per cent of the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. In the families where the husbands earn $400 and under $600, 37.8 per cent of the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. In families where the earnings of husband are $600 or over, 16.7 per cent of the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. Of the total number of families studied, irrespective of the earnings of husband, 39.4 per cent of the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. The families whose heads are of foreign birth show a much higher percentage of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers in each column and in the total than is exhibited by the wives in families whose heads are native whites born of native father, and those whose heads are native-born of foreign father. Of the families whose heads are of foreign birth, the Poles show the highest percentage of wives having employment or keeping boarders in each specified group.

In every instance where the percentage has been computed, the wives in families the heads of which are Swedes show the lowest percentage who are employees or keeping boarders or lodgers.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The sources of family income are shown in detail by the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources.