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CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives in keeping boarders and lodgersSources of family income-Relative importance of the different sources of family income-[Text Tables 166 to 183 and General Tables 134 to 143].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Before entering into a discussion of the economic status in this country of employees and members of their households in Community C, the industrial condition and principal occupation of immigrant workers and members of their households while abroad are considered. The first table presented in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of arrival in this country.

In the following table the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is shown, by race of individual.

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TABLE 166.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of 1,014 foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in the United States, 2 per cent were without occupation, 32.5 per cent were working for wages, 54.2 per cent were working without wages, and 11.2 per cent were working for profit before coming to this country. The Germans report the highest percentage who were without occupation, while no Russians, Ruthenians, or Slovaks were in that condition before coming to the United States. The Germans also show the highest and the Poles the lowest percentage who were working for wages before coming to this country. The Poles show the highest percentage and the Germans the lowest percentage who were working without wages, and the South Italians the highest and the Russians the lowest percentage who were working for profit before coming to the United States.

The table next submitted shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival.

TABLE 167.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.

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Of 1,014 foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, 2 per cent were without occupation, 32.5 per cent were working for wages, 54.2 per cent were working without wages, and 11.2 per cent were working for profit before coming to this country. Of those who were working for wages 16.3 per cent were farm laborers, 0.6 per cent were general laborers, 0.9 per cent were drivers and teamsters, 4.3 per cent were factory operatives, 6.7 per cent were in hand trades, and 3.7 per cent were in other occupations. Of those who were working without wages before coming to the United States 52.6 per cent were farm laborers and 1.7 per cent were in other occupations. Of those who were working for profit 10.1 per cent were farmers, 0.5 per cent were in hand trades, and 0.7 per cent were in trade.

The Germans show the highest percentage who were without occupation while all of the Russians, Ruthenians, and Slovaks were

engaged in some form of occupation before coming to the United States. The Slovaks show the highest percentage who were general laborers, the Swedes the highest percentage who were drivers and teamsters, the Germans the highest percentage who were factory operatives, and the Swedes the highest percentage who were in hand trades, and other occupations. The Ruthenians show the highest percentage who were farm laborers working for wages, and the Poles the highest percentage who were farm laborers, working without wages. The Germans show the highest percentage in other occupations working without wages and also the highest percentage who were in hand trades working for profit. The South Italians show the highest percentage who were farmers and who were in trade working for profit before coming to the United States.

TABLE 168.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

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Of 630 foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States 49.4 per cent were without occupation, 17.1 per cent were working for wages, 33.2 per cent were working without wages, and 0.3 per cent were working for profit before coming to this country. The South Italian females show 75.3 per cent, as contrasted with only 5.5 per cent of the Ruthenian females who were without occupation before coming to the United States. The Germans show the highest percentage and the South Italians the lowest percentage who were working for wages. The Ruthenians show by far the highest percentage and the Germans the lowest percentage who were working without wages, while no females of any of the specified races except the South Italian were working for profit.

The table next submitted shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in this country

TABLE 169-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

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Of 630 foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States 49.4 per cent were without occupation, 17.1 per cent were working for wages, 32.2 per cent were working without wages, and 0.3 per cent were working for profit before coming to this country. Of those who were working for wages 6.3 per cent were farm laborers, 9.5 per cent were in domestic service, 0.2 per cent were factory operatives, and 1.1 per cent were in hand trades. Of those who were working without wages 32.9 per cent were farm laborers, and 0.3 per cent were in other occupations. Of those who were working for profit 0.2 per cent were farmers and 0.2 per cent were in hand trades. The South Italians show the highest percentage who were without occupation before coming to this country. The Ruthenians show the highest percentage who were farm laborers working both for and without wages. The Germans show the highest percentage who were working for wages in domestic service and as factory operatives and the highest percentage working without wages in other occupations. The Swedes show the highest percentage working for wages in hand trades and the South Italians the highest percentage working for profit, both as farmers and in hand trades.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table following shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 170.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number

General nativity and race of individual. reporting In manu- In manu

complete facture
data.

facture of other metal

of hard-
ware and
cutlery. products.

Per cent.

Other

wise em- At home. At school. ployed.

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Of 1,342 males 16 years of age or over included in the foregoing table, 76.1 per cent are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, 6.1 per cent in the manufacture of other metal products, and 15.5 per cent are otherwise employed-1.9 per cent being at home and 0.4 per cent at school. Of the different nativity groups the native-born of native father reports the largest and the native-born of foreign father the smallest proportion who are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery. The positions are reversed as regards those who are otherwise employed-there being little difference in the proportion of each who are engaged in the manufacture of metal products other than hardware and cutlery. None of the native-born of foreign father and only slightly over 2 per cent of either the native-born of native father or the foreign-born are at home, while none of the foreign-born; 1.1 per cent of native-born of native father and 3.4 per cent of the native-born of foreign father are at school.

Of the males born abroad over 75 per cent of the Germans, Poles, Russians, and Ruthenians and over 50 per cent of each other race are employed in the manufacture of hardware and cutlery, while the Lithuanians, with 26.1 per cent, is the only race showing a proportion as high as 10 per cent who are employed in the manufacture of other metal products. The proportion of each race who are otherwise employed ranges from 30 per cent of the South Italian to 5.9 per cent of the Ruthenian. Each race, except the Russian, shows a small proportion at home-the Ruthenian being the only race showing as high as 5 per cent.

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