who had an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders, or lodgers, and other sources. The past year referred to in the table means the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.

TABLE 119.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

Slightly less than 95 per cent of the 390 families that are included in the above table had an income during the year from earnings of the husband. The proportion having an income from earnings of the wife is less than 5 per cent. Over 30 per cent had income from the contributions of children and 16.7 per cent had income from the payments of boarders or lodgers. The proportion having income from other sources than those specified is 12.6 per cent. When compared with households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, the households the heads of which are foreign-born show a smaller proportion of families that have income from the earnings of husband and a much larger proportion having income from the contributions of children and from the payments of boarders or lodgers. Considering the families the heads of which are foreign-born it is seen that 100 per cent of the Polish have income from earnings of husband and that 38.6 per cent of the families of that race have income from the payments of boarders or lodgers. (In each of these instances the proportion shown by the Poles is larger than that shown by any other foreign-born race.) Over 95 per cent each of the South Italian and Swedish families have income from the earnings of husband, as compared with 83.3 per cent of the Germans and 88 per cent of the French Canadians. None of the German or South Italians have income from the earnings of wife, whereas the proportion of French Canadian families that have an income from that source is 10 per cent and of the Swedes it is 6.6 per cent. The Germans show the largest proportion of families having income from the contributions of children and from sources other than those specified. Next to the Poles who show the

largest proportion of families having income from payments of boarders or lodgers come the Swedes, of whose families 13.2 per cent have an income from that source.

The table next presented also shows the source of family income, according to general nativity and race of head of family, but differs from the preceding table in that each specified source is exclusive of all other sources.

TABLE 120.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

In all, 390 families were selected for study of family income in detail. Of that number 47.2 per cent have entire income from husband, 20.5 per cent from husband and children, 15.1 per cent from sources or combination of sources not specified, 11.3 per cent from husband and boarders or lodgers, and 1.5 per cent each from husband and wife and from children. Less than 1 per cent of the total number of families studied have entire income from any one of the following sources: Husband, wife, and children; wife; wife and children; wife and boarders or lodgers. None of the families studied have entire income from boarders or lodgers. When compared with households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, the households the heads of which are foreign-born show a smaller proportion that have entire income from husband or from wife and a larger proportion that have entire income from husband and children, husband and boarders or lodgers and from children. Of the households the heads of which are foreign-born the South Italians show the largest proportion that have entire income from husband. The Swedes show a proportion that is almost as large, followed by the Poles and the French Canadians. None of the foreign-born families have entire income from any one of the following sources: Husband, wife, and children; wife; boarders or lodgers. The Poles show the largest pro

portion of the foreign-born races of families that have entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers. Less than 10 per cent of any foreign-born race has entire income from any one of the following sources: Wife and children; wife and boarders or lodgers; children; children and boarders or lodgers.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The extent to which the families studied depend upon the designated sources of income is set forth in the table next submitted, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:

TABLE 121.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

Nearly 75 per cent of the total income of the 390 families that are included in the above table is derived from the earnings of the husband. Less than 1 per cent is derived from the earnings of the wife. Slightly less than 20 per cent comes from the contributions of children and less than 5 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers. When compared with the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father, the families the heads of which are foreign-born show the smallest proportion of income derived from the earnings of the husband or from the earnings of the wife. The increase is in the contributions of children and in the payments of boarders or lodgers. Of the families the heads of which are foreignborn, the Polish show the largest proportion of income from earnings of husband and the Germans the smallest. Slightly more than 50 per cent of the income of the German families is from husband's earnings. None of the German or South Italian and less than 1 per cent of the Polish and Swedish family income is derived from the earnings of the wife. The Poles show a smaller proportion of income derived from contributions of children than does any other foreignborn race.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment The immigrant and organized labor-Employment available-Employment of immigrants because of peculiar training or skill-Local prejudice [Text Tables 122 to 124 and General Table 107].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of work offered in the community, as well as the relative industriousness of the several races employed, is set forth in the tables next presented. The table first submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home.

TABLE 122.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the males 16 years of age or over employed away from home 34.6 per cent worked twelve months, 64.6 per cent nine months or over, 93.9 per cent six months or over, and 98.4 per cent three months or over. The proportion of individuals who worked twelve months and nine months or over during the year, respectively, is largest for the native-born of native father, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born, while the proportion of individuals who worked six months or over is larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father and larger for the latter than for the native-born of native father. Of the foreign-born the South Italians have the largest and the Poles the smallest proportion of individuals who worked twelve months, and the French Canadians and Swedes the largest and the Poles the smallest proportion of individuals who worked nine months or over. The table following shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over, and who were employed away from home.

TABLE 123.-Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that 42.7 per cent of females worked twelve months during the past year; 70.9 per cent worked nine months or over; 90.3 per cent worked six months or over; while 96.1 per cent worked two months or over. Foreign-born show a somewhat higher per cent than native-born of foreign father who worked the full year, while the latter show a higher per cent than foreign-born who worked for each of the following specified periods. No Germans worked less than six months during the past year.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The extent to which the wage-earners of Community B are members of labor organizations is exhibited by the table below, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade unions of males, in the households studied, who were 21 years of age or over, and who were working for wages.

TABLE 124.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.