ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. In the table next submitted, the average and range of annual earnings of all males, in the households studied, who were 18 years of age or over, are shown by general nativity and race of individual. TABLE 113.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages Average porting amount. and re- earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1.000. $200. $400. $600. $1,000. The above table shows that of the males 18 years of age or over for whom information is secured 4.3 per cent earn under $200 a year, 28.4 per cent under $400 a year, 59.9 per cent under $600 a year, and 96.9 per cent under $1,000 a year. The proportion of individuals earning under $400 and under $600 a year, respectively, is largest for the native-born of native father, second largest for the foreign-born, and smallest for the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreignborn the Poles have the largest proportion of individuals earning under $400 per year and the Poles and South Italians, in the order mentioned, the largest and the Swedes the smallest proportion of individuals earning under $600 per year. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The table following shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of all females, in the households studied, who were 18 years of age or over and who were working for wages. TABLE 114.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. In the series of tabulations which are next presented, the average amount and range of annual family income are studied, together with the different sources of family income and their relative importance. The following table, the first submitted in this connection, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount. TABLE 115.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is included which reports income as "none."] The average family income of the 391 families that were selected for study is $754 per year. Less than 5 per cent of the total number of families have an income over $1,500, and less than 5 per cent have an income under $300 per year. In each specified rate of income the foreign-born show a larger proportion than do the native-born of foreign father, thus indicating a smaller family income for the families the heads of which are foreign-born than for the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father. Among the families the heads of which are foreign-born the Poles show no families having a total income of more than $1,500. None of the Germans show an income of less than $300, while the proportion of French Canadian and Swedish families that have incomes below that amount is less than 5 per cent for each race. Nearly 90 per cent of the Polish families have incomes of less than $750, while the proportion of French Canadian families that have incomes below. that amount is 34 per cent. WIVES AT WORK. The extent to which the wives of the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside the home, together with their average annual earnings, is shown in the following table, according to general nativity and race of head of family: TABLE 116.—Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. Of 385 wives in the 391 families selected for study in the above table 4.4 per cent are at work. A larger proportion of the wives of the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father than of those of the families the heads of which are foreign-born are at work. Of the families the heads of which are of each race it is seen that 10.2 per cent of the wives of those the heads of which are French Canadian, as compared with none of the wives in the families the heads of which are German or South Italian, are at work. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. Although a considerable proportion of the wives of the families the heads of which were employed in the hardware and cutlery manufacturing industry, as well as other female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the home as a means of contributing to the family support, a much larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which the wives of the families find it necessary to supplement in this way the earnings of their husbands is set forth in the following tables, which show the number and percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, according to yearly earnings and general nativity and race of head of family: TABLE 117.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders_or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.] a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none." TABLE 118.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 6. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.] • This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none." Of the families where the husband's earnings are under $400 per annum, 27.2 per cent of the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, while of the families where the husband's earnings are $400 and under $600 per annum 22.7 per cent of the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, and of those where the husband's earnings are $600 or over, 11 per cent of the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. The families the heads of which are foreign-born and earn under $600 per annum show a larger proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers than those the heads of which are native-born of foreign father and earn the same amount. The position of the nativity groups is reversed as regards the families where husband's earnings are $600 or over. The families the heads of which are South Italians or Poles are the only ones showing a proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers where husband's earnings are under $400. A certain proportion of the wives of the families the heads of which are of each race and whose earnings are $400 and under $600 have employment or keep boarders or lodgers-those the heads of which are Poles showing the largest and those the heads of which are South Italians showing the smallest proportion. Of the families the heads of which are of each race, except the South Italian, and whose earnings are $600 or over, the proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers ranges from 16.7 per cent of those the heads of which are Poles to 10.3 per cent of those the heads of which are Canadian French, those the heads of which are South Italian showing none. SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME. The two tables next presented exhibit the sources of family income in detail. The first of these, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families 48296°-VOL 17-11-11 |