The following table shows persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 83.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of 689 households for which information was secured, 67.1 per cent have 2 or more persons per sleeping room, 17.3 per cent 3 or more, 2.9 per cent 4 or more, and less than 1 per cent 5 or more. Of the households the heads of which are of the different nativity groups, those whose heads are native-born of native father show the smallest. proportion, having each 2 or more and 3 or more persons per sleeping room, and those the heads of which are native-born of foreign father the largest, with 2 or more persons per sleeping room, while the households whose heads are foreign-born show the largest proportions having 3 or more persons per sleeping room. Of the households whose heads are foreign-born, those whose heads are Hebrews show the highest proportion having each specified number of persons per sleeping room, except 2 or more, where those the heads of which are Polish show the highest proportion. The households whose heads are of the older immigrant races, or Irish, German, and English, show considerably lower proportions having each specified number per sleeping room than the households the heads of which are of the races of more recent immigration.

The final table of the series, which is next presented, indicates the effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly using in all except each specified number of rooms to sleep in.

TABLE 84.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of 689 households in Community A for which information was secured, all rooms are regularly used as sleeping rooms in 3.6 per cent of the households, all except one in 20 per cent, and all except two in 40.2 per cent. Of the households whose heads are of the different nativity groups, those whose heads are native-born of native father show the smallest proportion regularly using all except one room and all except two rooms to sleep in, and the foreign-born show the largest. Of the households the heads of which are of the different foreign-born races, those the heads of which are Polish and Slovak show much greater proportions using all rooms, and all except one room, while the households the heads of which are Hebrews show a larger proportion regularly using all rooms except two to sleep in.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Age classification of households studied-[Text Tables 85 to 89 and General Tables 83 to 87].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of the persons in the households studied in the community is set forth in the following table, which shows, by sex, general nativity, and race of individual, the per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and the percentage who both read and write:

TABLE 85.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number reporting com-
plete data.

Per cent who read.

Per cent who read and write.

General nativity and race of individual.

Native-born of native father,
White...

Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total.

155

166 321 100.0

100.0

100.0 100.0

100.0 100.0

Between 90 and 95 per cent of the total number of persons included in the preceding table read and write, a difference of less than 1 per cent being shown between the males and females. All of those who were native-born of native father, 99.7 per cent of those native-born of foreign-father, and 87.9 per cent of those foreign-born read and write, the foreign-born only showing a difference between the males and females having this ability. Of the foreign-born races, the North

Italian is the only one showing the entire number who read and write, the Polish and Slovak showing below 75 per cent and each other race above 90 per cent. Of those native-born of foreign father, all, except a small proportion of the females whose fathers are French Canadians, both read and write.

The degree of literacy which prevails among persons of foreign birth after designated periods of residence in this country may be seen from the table next presented. This table shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreignborn persons 10 years of age or over, in the households studied, who read and the percentage who both read and write.

TABLE 86.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that, of 1,643 foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, 82.2 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years, 86.1 per cent of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years, and 92.1 per cent of those with a period of residence of ten years or over read and write, the proportion who read only being slightly larger in each instance. All of the English, Germans, Irish, and North Italians, with a period of residence of less than ten years, and over 95 per cent of those with a period of residence of ten years or over, as compared with less than 80 per cent of the Polish and Slovaks, with a period of residence of ten years or over, read and write.

The literacy of the foreign-born persons, according to their ages at the time of arrival in this country, is set forth in the table next presented. This table shows, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and the percentage who both read and write.

TABLE 87.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent. who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

The preceding table shows that, of 1,643 foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, 96.7 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States, and 87.6 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over read. The proportion who both read and write is only slightly smaller in each instance. All of the English, Germans, and North Italians who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States read and write, no other race showing below 90 per cent of their number as having this ability. The North Italian is the only race showing their entire number, who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, as having ability to read and write, the Polish and Slovak, with 70 per cent and 72.3 per cent, respectively, being the only races showing below 90 per cent.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The table following shows, by sex, age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons in the households. studied who were in each conjugal condition.