82; U. S. v. Cheeseman, 25 Fed. Cas. 414, No. 14,790; Murfree on Official Bonds, §§ 711, 712, 713.

When this bond was executed the collection and distribution of letters and packages which were not registered, and which might nevertheless contain money or other articles of value, and the distribution of registered letters and packages, were some of the duties of the principal as a letter carrier. The collection of letters and packages to be registered was a duty of the same kind as the duty of the distribution of registered letters and packages. It was a duty within the scope of and naturally connected with the business of the office. Hence the liability of the surety for its discharge falls within the true interpretation of its obligation to answer for the faithful discharge of the duties of its principal according to the laws and regulations which pre

scribe them.

The second objection to the judgment is that the United States has neither incurred any liability nor suffered any loss by the theft of the contents of the letters, and hence it cannot maintain an action for damages on account of it. In support of this contention, attention is called to the fact that section 3926 of the Revised Statutes [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 2685] provides that the Postmaster General shall make rules under which the owners of first-class registered matter shall be indemnified by the United States for losses thereof through the mails, to amounts not exceeding $10 for any one registered piece; that such rules have been prescribed; that these rules require that claims for indemnity shall be made within one year from the dates of the losses (Postal Laws & Regulations 1902, § 900); that there is no averment or proof that any claim for indemnity for the loss of any of the moneys here in question has ever been made; and that the government admits that it has never paid anything to any one on account of it. The right of the nation, however, to a recovery in this action, is not necessarily limited by the acts or omissions of the owners of the stolen money since the theft. It depends upon the facts and circumstances when the money was stolen. When this was done, the money was in the custody— the possession of the United States under its contract with those who had intrusted the letters to its care to safely carry and deliver them to their addressees for the valuable consideration which it had received by virtue of the stamps upon the letters which had been purchased from it. The contract between the United States and the owners of the letters was a bailment of the class known as "locatio operis mercium vehendarum." It was a carrier-a bailee of the letters and their contents for hire of labor or services. From this carrier or bailee Eich took and converted the letters and their contents to his own use. But a bailee may maintain an action of trespass, of trover, or of conversion against a wrongdoer for his disturbance of his possession of the property. The Beaconsfield, 158 U. S. 303, 307, 15 Sup. Ct. 860, 39 L. Ed. 993; The New York (D. C.) 93 Fed. 495, 499; Shaw v. Kaler, 106 Mass. 448; Eaton v. Lynde, 15 Mass. 242; Burdict v. Murray, 3 Vt. 302, 21 Am. Dec. 588. The United States, therefore, was not without sufficient interest in the subject-matter to enable it to recover of Eich, the letter carrier, the entire value of the property he took, as its damages for the conversion of the money. But Eich converted the

letters and their contents when he was in the act of performing his duty of collecting and delivering them to the postmaster at Omaha, and when he and the surety company were under an agreement with the plaintiff that they would pay all damages, not exceeding $1,000, which resulted to it from Eich's failure to discharge his duties faithfully, and to account and pay over to the postmaster all moneys which should come into his hands as a letter carrier. Since the government was entitled to recover the value of the letters as its damages for their conversion, this value was also the measure of the damages it sustained under the bond, and a cause of action against the obligors in the bond to recover these damages arose as soon as the theft of the letters was completed. As soon as the conversion was effected, the United States had a complete right of action against the obligors upon the bond for the value of the property taken by the principal, and each of the respective owners of the letters had an indefeasible claim against the government for the value of the contents of his letter. The right of action of the United States, however, was not conditioned, created, released, or affected by the fact that the owners of the letters presented or failed to present their claims for indemnity to the government, and this fact constituted no defense to this action.

The judgment below must accordingly be affirmed, and it is so ordered.

JOHNSTON v. FAIRMONT MILLS et al.

(Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit. February 2, 1904.)

No. 478.

1. SALES-CONTRACT MADE through BROKER-REQUIREMENT OF CONFIRMATION BY PRINCIPAL.

Where there was an established custom in the cotton trade for both buyer and seller to confirm to each other in writing a sale made by a broker, an offer by a broker to sell cotton for future delivery to a cotton mill, accepted by the mill company "subject to confirmation" by the seller named in the offer, did not create a contract, and the acceptance was subject to withdrawal at any time before such confirmation.

2. SAME-ACCEPTANCE OF Offer.

A proposal to accept an offer for the purchase of cotton on terms varying materially from those offered is a rejection of the offer, and does not create a contract binding the purchaser.

3. SAME-WAIVER OF CONFIRMATION.

Where an offer by a broker to sell cotton for future delivery was accepted subject to confirmation by his principal, as customary in the trade, and before confirmation the seller became insolvent, a demand for security by the intending purchaser was not a waiver of the requirement of confirmation.

In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of South Carolina.

For opinion below, see 116 Fed. 537.

This is a writ of error to a judgment of the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of South Carolina rendered on the 4th day of August,

12. See Sales, vol. 43, Cent. Dig. § 47.

1902, dismissing at the cost of the plaintiff a certain action at law instituted in said court against the defendants. The facts may be briefly stated as follows: The appellant instituted this action for the recovery against the Fairmont Mills, a corporation of the state of South Carolina, and L. Guy Harris, as receiver of said corporation, damages for the breach of two alleged contracts entered into between the said Fairmont Mills and himself on or about the 10th and 15th days of October, 1900, under which the plaintiff contracted to sell and deliver to the Fairmont Mills 500 bales of cotton, 100 of said bales to be delivered during each of the months of February, March, April, May, and June, 1901, to be paid for as follows: For the cotton delivered in February, March, and April, 1901, 10% cents per pound; for the remainder, 10% cents per pound. That after the making of said contracts cotton declined rapidly, and on or about October 28, 1900, the Fairmont Mills notified the plaintiff that it canceled the contracts, and would not accept, receive, or pay for the cotton. That the plaintiff was always ready to carry out the contract on his part, and was prevented from so doing by the action of the defendant. That, owing to the decline in the price of cotton, plaintiff was prevented from placing the cotton at the price agreed upon, and, as a consequence, was damaged in the sum of $4,687.50. The defendants deny the existence of the contracts, and, while conceding that there were negotiations through one C. P. Mathews, a cotton broker, looking to such contracts, they insist that the broker did not submit to the two parties the same terms, and never reached an agreement as to the terms, and the contracts were never consummated. Defendants further assert that, while negotiations were pending, plaintiff became insolvent, whereupon they warned him, unless he furnished a proper guaranty that he could perform the contract on his part, if completed, by noon of the 27th of October, 1900, they would not conclude the same; that the plaintiff failed to do this, and the defendant mills notified him that the deal was off, and sought cotton elsewhere.

A jury trial being waived, pursuant to the act of Congress, the case was submitted to the judge of the court below, who, after stating the facts to be: "The transaction occurred through the agency of C. P. Mathews. Mr. Mathews is a cotton broker residing in Spartanburg, South Carolina, doing business in the Carolinas, chiefly with cotton mills. On 10th October, 1900, Mr. Harris, president of the Fairmont Mills, made an offer to him, as such broker, to buy cotton, 100 bales for each of the months of February, March, and April, at 10% cents. He communicated the offer by telegram to the plaintiff, at Meridian, Mississippi, and received by telegram, the same day, authority to accept the offer of 300 bales at 10%, shipments named. He communicated by telephone to Mr. Harris the receipt of this authority, and on the next day (11th October) wrote Mr. Harris as follows:

"I beg to confirm sale to you of 300 B-C to you at 10% landed Moore's So. Ca., for a/c of A. S. Johnston, Meridian, Mississippi. The cotton to be half each, st. and good mid., to be shipped 100 B-C each in February, March and April; wts. guaranteed within three pounds. Please confirm sale and oblige, "Yours truly, C. P. Mathews.'

"It does not appear, except by this letter, that Mr. Harris knew who would furnish the cotton. On receipt of this letter, Mr. Harris replies:

"I have your letter of this date [11th October] confirming sale to us of 300 B-C, landed at Moore's, So. Ca. The cotton to be half each st. and good mid., and 100 bales delivered each month of February, March and April next, wts. guaranteed within three pounds, and hereby accept offer of same subject to A. S. Johnston's confirmation.

"'Yours truly,

W. I. Harris, Pres.'

"On the 15th October, 1900, Mr. Harris made another offer to C. P. Mathews for the purchase of 200 bales of cotton at 10%, deliverable 100 bales each in months of May and June, 1901. This was communicated also to A. S. Johnston, at Meridian, Miss., by wire, and Johnston, by wire, answered, 'Confirm sale 100 bales, each May and June, st. mid. to good mid., 10%.' On its receipt, Mathews notified Harris, and on the next day he wrote a letter identical in terms, except as to number of bales and the price, with his former letter. To this Harris replies, using the same terms as his reply to the former letter, varying only as to the number of bales and the price, and ending, as in his

former letter, 'sold to us by A. S. Johnston, Meridian, Miss., and subject to his confirmation.' The usage of the mills is always to require confirmation by the principal of contracts made through the broker, and this confirmation is made to the purchaser direct-sent either by mail or through the broker. In the present instance, Mathews requested Johnston to confirm direct to Harris. After the 15th, and between that day and the 25th, of October, unpleasant rumors were in circulation as to the solvency of Johnston. Whereupon Mr. Harris, on 25th October, demanded from Mathews security for the performance of these contracts by Johnston. Mathews wired this demand to Johnston, who replied, referring to C. W. Robinson and John Kenyon. Mathews telegraphed to these gentlemen to confirm this, but got no reply. On 27th October, Mathews not furnishing the security demanded, Harris canceled the contracts. On the 29th October, 1900, Mathews inclosed to Harris letter of Johnston confirming the contract of 10th October, except that the place of delivery was stated to be Spartanburg, S. C., instead of Moore's, as stated by Mathews. On or about 1st November, 1900, Johnston went to Spartanburg, and, in company with Mr. Bozeman, his attorney, and Mr. Caine, of Mississippi, offered Mr. Caine as his surety for delivery of the cotton as per contracts. Mr. Harris made no objection to the character and sufficiency of the security, but refused to accept it, as the contracts were canceled. Mr. Mathews says that in this transaction he acted merely as agent of each party in making the sale, and assumed no responsibility."

-Announced his findings thereon, and conclusions of law, as follows:

"Findings of Fact.

(1) The plaintiff is a citizen and resident of the state of Mississippi, and the defendant corporation, the Fairmont Mills, and L. Guy Harris, receiver, are citizens and residents of the state of South Carolina.

"(2) C. P. Mathews is a cotton broker at Spartanburg, South Carolina, doing business in the Carolinas.

“(3) On 10th October, 1900, negotiations were entered into between W. J. Harris, president of Fairmont Mills, and C. P. Mathews, for the purchase of three hundred bales of cotton, strict to good middling, at 10% cents per pound, deliverable 100 bales each in the months of February, March and April, 1901, at Moore's, S. C. And on 15th October, 1900, other negotiations were entered into between the same parties for the purchase of 200 bales of cotton at 10% cents per pound, deliverable 100 bales each in the months of May and June, 1901, at Moore's, S. C.

"(4) These negotiations culminated in a written offer on the part of Mathews, acting for A. S. Johnston, the plaintiff, for the delivery of the above-mentioned bales of cotton at the prices and terms and place specified, one-half of each delivery to be good, and one-half strict middling, with the terms added; weights guarantied not to lose more than three pounds per bale.

"(5) Pending these negotiations, telegrams had been passed between Mathews and Johnston, in which the outlines of the proposition were stated. The offer of Mathews gave the offer in detail, and for the first time.

"(6) The detailed offer of Mathews was accepted by Harris, subject to confirmation by Johnston. This is the usage of the trade in Spartanburg by the mills in purchasing cotton for future delivery.

"(7) The confirmation by Johnston not having been received, on 27th October, 1900, Mr. Harris, president of Fairmont Mills, canceled the transaction.

"Conclusions of Law.

"The contract between plaintiff and defendant, never having been completed, was not binding, and the verdict must be for the defendant."

C. P. Sanders and S. J. Simpson, for plaintiff in error. William M. Jones (Nicholls & Jones, on the brief), for defendants in error.

Before GOFF, Circuit Judge, and WADDILL and MCDOWELL, District Judges.

WADDILL, District Judge (after stating the facts as above). There are a number of assignments of error in this case, but they all relate, in one form or another, to three questions involved: First, whether or not valid contracts were ever entered into between the parties, as set up in the pleadings; second, whether or not, under the circumstances of this case, the defendant the Fairmont Mills was justified in imposing upon the plaintiff the requirement of a guaranty of his ability to carry out the alleged contracts, his insolvency being admitted; and, third, what was the effect of this requirement, as bearing upon the question of the existence of the prior contracts?

This case turns upon the question of fact as to whether the alleged contracts were in fact entered into between the plaintiff and the defendant the Fairmont Mills. Upon that point the learned judge of the lower court decided that they had not, and, after a most careful review of the entire evidence, with the light of the arguments of able counsel thereon, we have reached the same conclusion.

That the minds of parties must meet, and give mutual assent to all of the essential and material features of a contract, is elementary. It cannot be said that such was the case here. The transaction was conducted between the parties through C. P. Mathews, a broker, and he clearly did not have the right, under the facts of this case, to bind either party without their assent; and certainly he had no such authority to speak for the defendant the Fairmont Mills. The evidence conclusively shows that the custom in the trade was for both buyer and seller to each confirm to the other the broker's action in writing. This is testified to by the broker himself, who says:

"When Mr. Harris submitted the offer, I submitted the offer to Mr. Johnston. I had no authority until I got authority from Mr. Johnston to confirm the contract. * It was always customary for the mill to confirm to the buyer, and the buyer to the mill. I was acting only as intermediary, and each side wanted the contracts confirmed. There was probably something in the offer that Mr. Johnston would confirm the sale by letter. It was understood that Mr. Harris was to receive written confirmation from Mr. Johnston."

While sundry letters and telegrams passed between Mathews and Johnston, and some between Mathews and Harris, the president of the mill, still it is entirely clear from the whole correspondence that Harris was to receive written confirmation of the sale from Johnston. Mathews' reply to the telegram from Johnston to him confirming the sales of February, March, and April, concludes, "Please confirm contract to W. I. Harris, president, Spartanburg, South Carolina;" and Harris' letter of the 11th of October acknowledging the receipt of the letter from Mathews, relative to confirming the sale concludes, "Weights guaranteed within three pounds, and hereby accept offer of same subject to A. S. Johnston's confirmation." The subsequent letters written by Johnston direct to Harris, president, but received after the cancellation of the contract by Harris, likewise show that Johnston was to have given a written confirmation. In addition to this, the correspondence between Mathews and Johnston also shows that this confirmation was to have been given, and on the day before the cancellation of the contract, October 26, 1900, Mathews wrote:

"If you had only confirmed these sales promptly, there would have been no trouble. A lawyer told one of the mills that the only ground he had for getting