1845. LINDLEY, John.-(The Vegetable Kingdom, &c.) The following is the system employed in the present Work : Fructification springing from a thallus. Fructification springing from a stem. Wood of stem youngest in the centre; cotyledon single. Leaves parallel-veined, permanent; wood of the stem always confused Wood of stem youngest at the circumference, always concentric; cotyledons 2 . Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels. I. THALLOGENS. II. ACROGENS. III. RHIZOGENS. IV. ENDOGENS. V. DICTYOGENS. or more. VI. GYMNOGENS. Class I. THALLOGENS. ALLIANCES OF THALLOGENS. 1. ALGALES.-Cellular flowerless plants, nourished through their whole surface by the medium in which they vegetate; living in water or very damp places; propagated by zoospores, coloured spores, or tetraspores. 2. FUNGALES.-Cellular flowerless plants, nourished through their thallus (spawn or mycelium); living in air; propagated by spores, colourless or brown, and sometimes inclosed in asci; destitute of green gonidia 3. LICHENALES.-Cellular flowerless plants, nourished through their whole surface by the medium in which they vegetate; living in air; propagated by spores usually inclosed in asci; and always having green gonidia in their thallus. ALLIANCE 1. ALGALES, p. 8. NATURAL ORDERS OF THALLOGENS. Crystalline, angular, fragmentary bodies, brit-) tle, and multiplying by spontaneous separa-1. Diatomacea or Brittleworts, p. 12 Vesicular, filamentary or membranous bodies, multiplied by zoospores generated in the inte- 2. Confervacea or Confervas, p. 14 Cellular or tubular unsymmetrical bodies, multiplied by simple spores formed externally 3. Fucacea or Seaweeds, p. 20 Cellular or tubular unsymmetrical bodies, multi- Tubular symmetrically branched bodies, multi 4. Ceramiacea or Rosetangles, p. 23 plied by spiral coated nucules, filled with 5. Characee or Charads, p. 26 Mildews. Sporidia contained (generally eight together) in (10. Ascomycetes, Helvellacea, or asci Morels. Spores surrounded by a vesicular veil, or spo- (11. Physomycetes, p. 29 p. 45 4. MUSCALES.-Cellular (or vascular). 5. Class II. ACROGENS. ALLIANCES OF ACROGENS. Spore-cases immersed or calyptrate (i. e, either plunged in the substance of the frond, or inclosed within a hood having the same relation to the spores as an involucre to a seed-vessel). LYCOPODALES.-Vascular. Spore-cases axillary or radical, one or many-celled. Spores of two sorts. 6. FILICALES.-Vascular. Spore-cases marginal or dorsal, one-celled, usually surrounded by an elastio ring. Spores of but one sort. Spore-cases valveless or bursting irregularly, 15. Ricciacea, or Crystalworts, p. 57 16. Marchantiacea, or Liverworts, p. 58 equal valves, without operculum, but with 17. Jungermanniaceæ, or Scalemosses, p. 59 elaters Spore-cases peltate, splitting on one side, with out operculum, and with an elater to every 18. Equisetaceæ, or Horsetails, p. 61 spore. 2. MUSCI. Spore-cases opening by valves, with an oper culum, without elaters. 19. Andræacea, or Splitmosses, p. 63 Spore-cases valveless, with an operculum, 20. Bryacea, or Urnmosses, p. 64 without elaters ALLIANCE 5. LYCOPODALES, p. 68. Spore-cases 1-3-celled, axillary; reproductive) 21. Lycopodiacea, or Clubmosses, p. 69 bodies similar. Spore cases many-celled, radicle (or axillary); reproductive bodies dissimilar ALLIANCE 6. FILICALES, p. 74. 22. Marsileacea, or Pepperworts, p. 71 Spore-cases ringless, distinct, 2-valved, formed) 23. Ophioglossaceæ, or Adders' Tongues, p. 77 on the margin of a contracted leaf. Spore-cases ringed, dorsal or marginal, dis- 24. Polypodiaceæ, or Ferns, p. 78 tinct, splitting irregularly. Spore-cases ringless, dorsal, connate, splitting) 25. Danæaceæ, or Danæads, p. 82 Ovules solitary, pendulous; fruit one-seeded. 26. Balanophoracea, or Cynomoriums, p. 89 Ovules 00, parietal; fruit many-seeded, calyx) 28. Rafflesiaceæ, or Rafflesiads, p. 93. * Flowers glumaceous; (that is to say, composed of bracts not collected in true whorls, but consisting of imbricated colourless or herbaceous scales). 7. GLUMALES. ** Flowers petaloid, or furnished with a true calyx or corolla, or with both, or absolutely naked ; (that is having sexes altogether in different flowers, without half-formed rudiments of the absent sexes being present). 8. ARALES.-Flowers naked or consisting of scales, 2 or 3 together, or numerous, and then sessile on a simple naked spadix; embryo axile; albumen mealy or fleshy. (Some have no albumen). 9. PALMALES.-Flowers perfect (with both calyx and corolla), sessile on a branched scaly spadix; embryo vague, solid; albumen horny or fleshy. Some Palms are §. 10, HYDRALES.-Flowers perfect or imperfect, usually scattered; embryo axile, without albumen. – aquatics. (Some are **-Flowers furnished with a true calyx and corolla, adherent to the ovary; . 11. NARCISSALES.-Flowers symmetrical; stamens 3 or 6, or more, all perfect; seeds with albumen; (Some Bromeliacea have a free calyx and corolla). 12. AMOMALES.-Flowers unsymmetrical; stumens 1 to 5, some at least of which are petaloid; seeds with albumen. 13. ORCHIDALES.-Flowers unsymmetrical; stamens 1 to 3; seeds without albumen. Flowers furnished with a true calyx and corolla, free from the ovary; 8. 14. XYRIDALES.-Flowers half herbaceous, 2-3-petaloideous; albumen copious. 15. JUNCALES.-Flowers herbaceous, dry, and permanent, scarious if coloured; albumen copious (Some Callas have no albumen). 16. LILIALES.-Flowers hexapetaloideous, succulent, and withering; albumen copious. 17. ALISMALES.-Flowers 3-6-petaloideous, apocarpal; albumen none. (Some Alismads are abso lutely 8). ALLIANCE 7. GLUMALES, p. 105. NATURAL ORDERS OF ENDOGENS. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or more distinct (or) united) styles; ovule ascending; embryo 29. Graminacea, or Grasses, p. 106 lateral, naked Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or more (distinct or) 30. Cyperacea, or Sedges, p. 117 to each; ovule pendulous; glumes only; 31. Desvauxiacea, or Bristleworts, p. 120 styles 1-2; anthers 1-celled; embryo ter minal. Ovary 1-2-3-celled, with 2 or 3 styles always; ovule pendulous; glumes only; styles 2-3; 32. Restiacea, or Restiads, p. 121 Ovary 2-3-celled, with I style to each cell : ovule pendulous; a membranous 3-lobed 33. Eriocaulacea, or Pipeworts, p. 122 embryo terminal ALLIANCE 8. ARALES, p. 123. Flowers 2 or 3, of which one only is. Spa-` dix 0. Ovary one-celled. Ovules erect. 34. Pistiacea, or Lemnads, or Duckweeds, p. 124 Embryo slit Flowers 00, on a naked spadix. Calyx scaly) or hairy. Anthers with long filaments.35. Typhacea, or Typhads, or Bulrushes, p. 126 Ovule solitary, pendulous. Seed adherent to the pericarp. Embryo slit. Flowers 00, naked, on a solitary spadix co vered by a single hooded spathe. Anthers 36. Aracea, or Arads, p. 127 sessile. Seed loose. Embryo slit, axile. Flowers 00, naked or scaly, on a spadix co vered by many spathes. Anthers stalked. 37. Pandanacea, or Screwpines, p. 130 Seeds loose. Embryo solid, minute ALLIANCE 9. PALMALES, p. 133. ALLIANCE 10. HYDRALES, p. 140. Stamens epigynous; ovary adherent Stam. hyp.; ov. free; pollen globose Stam. hyp.; ov. 00, free; embr. rud.; pollen Stam. hyp.; ov. free; pollen confervoid ALLIANCE 11. NARCISSALES, p. 146. 38. Palmaceæ, or Palms, p. 133 39. Hydrocharidaceæ, or Hydrocharads, p. 141 40 bis. Triuridacea, or Triurids, p. 144 a. Flowers tripetaloideous, 6-leaved, imbricated.) 42. Bromeliacea, or Bromeliads, p. 147 Flowers half tripetaloideous, tubular. Albu-43. Taccacea, or Taccads, p. 149 Flowers hexapetaloideous, tubular, scarcely imbricated. Stamens 3, opposite the petals, 44. Hæmodoraceæ, or Bloodroots, p. 151 remote from the hilum, which is naked . Flowers hexapetaloideous, much imbricated.) Stamens 6; anthers turned inwards. Radi-45. Hypoxidacea, or Hypoxids, p. 154 strophiolate Flowers hexapetaloideous, much imbricated." Stamens 6, or more; anthers turned inwards. 46. Amaryllidaceæ, or Amaryllids, p. 155 Flowers hexapetaloideous. Stamens 3, oppo- ALLIANCE 12. AMOMALES, p. 162. Stamens more than 1; (anthers 2-celled, no Stamen but 1; anther 2-celled; embryo in a vitellus 47. Iridacea, or Irids, p. 159 48. Musacea, or Musads, p. 163 49. Zingiberaceæ, or Gingerworts, p 165 3 Stamen but 1; anther 1-celled (halved), no 50. Marantacea, or Marants, p. 168 vitellus ALLIANCE 13. ORCHIDALES, p. 170. Flowers regular. Stamens free, perigynous. 51. Burmanniace, or Burmanniads, p. 171 rietal. Flowers regular, half-gynandrous. Placentae axile 53. Apostasiacea, or Apostasiads, p. 184 ALLIANCE 14. XYRIDALES, p. 185. Sepals 0. Petals 2. Stamens 3, of which 2 are 54 Philydracea, or Waterworts, p. 186 abortive. Embryo axile, in fleshy albumen.) Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 3, fertile. Car-Y pels opposite sepals. Placentæ parietal. Embryo minute, on the outside of fleshy 55. Xyridaceæ, or Xyrids, p. 187 albumen Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6 (or 3). Car pels opposite sepals. Placenta axile. Em- 56. Commelynaceæ, or Spiderworts, p. 188 Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 3; (anthers ALLIANCE 15. JUNCALES, p. 190. Flowers scattered. Embryo minute, undivided. ALLIANCE 16. LILIALES, p. 195. Perianth surrounded by a calycine involucre,) 57. Mayacea, or Mayacs, p. 189 58. Juncaccæ, or Rushes, p. 191 the inner bracts of which are coloured and 60. Gilliesiacea, or Gilliesiads, p. 196 Perianth naked, flat when withering. Anthers turned outwards; styles distinct; albumen 61. Melanthacea, or Melanths, p. 198 Perianth naked, flat when withering. Anthers turned inwards. Styles consolidated. Albu- 62. Liliacea, or Lilyworts, p. 200 Perianth naked, circinate when withering. 63. Pontederaceæ, or Pontederads, p. ALLIANCE 17. ALISMALES, p. 207. Placentæ many Flowers 3-petaloideous. 64. Butomacea, or Butomads, p. 208 65. Alismaccæ, or Alismads, p. 209 206 66. Juncaginaceæ, or Arrow-grasses, p. 210 Class V. DICTYOGENS. ALLIANCE THE SAME AS THE CLASS, p. 211. (For Triuridaceae, formerly referred here, see p. 144 a.) Flowers. Perianth adherent. Carpels Flowers. Carpels several, quite conso-" 68. Dioscoreacea, or Yams, p. 214 lidated. Placenta axile. Flowers hexape-69. Smilacea, or Sarsaparillas, p. 215 Flowers. Carpels several, quite consoli dated. Placentae parietal. Flowers 3-6-70. Philesiacea, or Philesiads, p. 217 Flowers. Carpels several, half-consolidated. Flowers. Carpels solitary, simple, many 71. Trilliacea, or Parids, p. 218 seeded, with long-stalked anatropal seeds 72. Roxburghiacea, or Roxburghworts, p. 219 and a basal placenta veined, pinnate. Scales of the cone antheri-73. Cycadeaceæ, or Cycads, p. 223 Stem repeatedly branched, continuous. Leaves 74. Pinaceæ, or Conifers, p. 226 75. Taxaceæ, or Taxads, p. 236 Stem repeatedly branched, jointed. Leaves) Anthers 1 76. Gnetacea, or Joint Firs, p. 232 18. AMENTALES.-Flowers in catkins, achlamydeous or monochlamydeous; carpels superior; embryo small, with little or no albumen. 19. URTICALES.-Flowers scattered, monochlamydeous; carpel single, superior; embryo large, lying in a small quantity of albumen. 20. EUPHORBLALES.-Flowers scattered, monodichlamydeous; carpels consolidated, superior; placentæ axile; embryo surrounded by abundant albumen. (Albumen occasionally absent). 21: QUERNALES.-Flowers in catkins, monochlamydeous; carpels inferior; embryo amygdaloid, without albumen. 22. GARRYALES.-Flowers monochlamydeous, sometimes amentaceous: carpels inferior; embryo minute, in a large quantity of albumen, 23. MENISPERMALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; carpels superior, disunited; embryo surrounded by abundant albumen. albumen. 24. CUCURBITALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; carpels inferior; placentæ parietal; embryo without 23. PAPAYALES.-Flowers dichlamydeous; carpels superior, consolidated; placentæ parietal ; embryo surrounded by abundant albumen. SUB-CLASS II. HYPOGYNOUS EXOGENS. Flowers, or; stamens entirely free from the calyx and corolla. 26. VIOLALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous, placentæ parietal or sutural; embryo straight, with little or no albumen. 27. CISTALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; placentæ parietal or sutural; embryo curved or spiral, with little or no albumen. 28. MALVALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; placenta axile; calyx valvate in æstivation; corolla imbricated or twisted; stamens definite or 00; embryo with little or no albumen. 29. SAPINDALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous, unsymmetrical; placenta axile; calyx and corolla imbricated; stamens definite; embryo with little or no albumen. (Stamens rarely 00). 30. GUTTIFERALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; placenta axile; calyx imbricated; corolla imbricated or twisted; stamens 00; embryo with little or no albumen. (Stamens sometimes definite in number)}. 31. NYMPHALES.-Flowers dichlamydeous; placenta axile or sutural; stamens 00; embryo on the outside of a very large quantity of mealy albumen. (A part have no albumen). 32. RANALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; placenta sutural or axile; stamens 00; embryo minute, inclosed in a large quantity of fleshy or horny albumen. men. 33. BERBERALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous, unsymmetrical in the ovary; placenta sutural, parietal, or axile; stamens definite; embryo inclosed in a large quantity of fleshy albu34. ERICALES.-Flowers dichlamydeous, symmetrical in the ovary; placentæ axile; stamens definite; embryo inclosed in a large quantity of fleshy albumen. (Stamens occasionally adherent to the corolla). 35. RUTALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous, symmetrical; placentæ axile; calyx and corolla imbricated, if present; stamens definite; embryo with little or no albumen. (Occasionally 39). 36. GRANIALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous, symmetrical; placenta axile; calyx imbricated; corolla twisted; stamens definite; embryo with little or no albumen. 37. SILENALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; placenta free, central; embryo external, curved round a little mealy albumen; carpels more than one, completely combined into a compound fruit. (Some slightly perigynous, others. 38. CHENOPODALES.-Flowers monochlamydeous; placentæ free, central; embryo external, either curved round or applied to the surface of a little mealy or horny albumen; carpels solitary, or, if more than one, distinct. (Some slightly perigynous, others q). 3. PIPERALES.-Flowers achlamydeous; embryo minute, on the outside of a large quantity of mealy albumen. (Occasionally ). SUB-CLASS III. PERIGYNOUS EXOGENS. Flowers, or ♂ ; stamens growing to the side of either the calyx or the corolla; ovary superior, or nearly so. 40. FICOIDALES. - Flowers monodichlamydeous; placenta central or axile; corolla, if present, polypetalous; embryo external, and curred round a small quantity of mealy albumen. 41. DAPHNALES.-Flowers monochlamydeous; carpel solitary; embryo amygdaloid, without albumen. 42. ROSALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; carpels more or less distinct: placentae sutural; seeds definite; corolla, if present, polypetalous; embryo amygdaloid, with little or no albumen. 43. SAXIFRAGALES.-Flowers monodichlamydeous; carpels consolidated; placenta sutural or axile; seeds 00; corolla, if present, polypetalous; embryo taper, with a long radicle and a little or no albumen. |