The following-named persons belong to the more observing classes, hence the law of the straight line and angle marks the shape of their brow and limits the interciliary space to a narrow area, in some instances completely hidden under the bony projection. See, for example, the physiognomies of Thomas Jefferson, General W. T. Sherman, Charles Darwin, Sir John Herschel, and Humboldt.

The forms of the eyelids and brows are nearly related to the interciliary spaces, and we shall be obliged to observe closely these two features, especially the latter, in making an estimate of character based upon the significance of these spaces.

It will be always found that when the muscular system is dominant, or one of the

dominant systems, the interciliary space will present a greater area than is the case when the bony system is supreme. This is yet another proof, added to the numerous ones already cited, of the homogeneity of structure; thus, each feature, and every minute portion of a feature, reveals and corroborates the form of the entire structure, as well as its dominant mental characteristics.

The widest interciliary space I have

found among the Chinese and Japanese, and these races are both artistic and very credulous, as witness their very superstitious religions and belief in charms, omens, and incantations. The Oriental races generally exhibit a broader interciliary space than is observed in the physiognomies of the Northern and more practical peoples.

In almost all cases where the interciliary space is wide the forehead is perpendicular, or nearly so, and where this space is narrow or invisible the forehead is usually more or less receding. These appearances are corroborative proofs of the supremacy of muscle and bone, for where the forehead is perpendicular, or nearly so, the muscle is regnant, and where the forehead recedes more or

less the bone is dominant; and in these co-ordinated forms of interciliary space with forehead we have a fine lesson in comparative anatomy, as well as in demonstrative physiognomy.

Physiognomic forms reveal numberless co-ordinated and complex relations of function with feature, as, for example, when the outline of the nose is straight the forehead is generally perpendicular, and the involuntary muscles as well as the muscular system are supreme, or one of the supreme systems of the organism; here muscle tends to straight lines instead of curves.

The cause lies deeper than these outlines, for they are the effects, not the causes, of their straight appearance. The supremacy of the heart and stomach over the liver and lungs conduces to form these lines, for I have observed that where the lungs and liver are excessively developed and active the outline of the nose is more or less arched, either greatly or slightly, the forehead receding, the septum of the nose projecting, and the chest arched. Now, the interciliary space depends for its form primarily upon the dominance of organs apparently quite disconnected with it. I have said that there is a long physiological history attached to every fea ture and every part of each feature, and I here reiterate it. We can in this instance trace this relationship farther back than has been done in the above instance, but sufficient history is here given to show the methods of scientific physiognomy and the complex relations of function with feature. A very narrow, scarcely discernible interciliary space is indicative of good powers of observa tion, and is found in the faces of mechanicians and scientists (Fig. 273).

THE EYEBROWS.

The use primarily of the hairy brow is to protect the eyes from descending particles of dust or moisture. Each separate feature is, as we have formerly seen, supplied with protective ap pendages, or placed in such position as to receive the cautionary assistance of other features, the eyes and ears, for example.

The eye, being the most delicate of all the features, is sur rounded by several strong defenders, as is observed in the lachrymal glands, the lids, the projecting bony environment, the flexible superciliary muscles, the closely-placed lashes, and the hairy brows.

The form of the hairy brow (usually termed "the eyebrow") is dependent primarily upon the underlying bony development for its external shape. The corrugator supercilii and orbicularis pal pebrarum muscles assist in shaping the brow.

The hairy brow is a feature of motion by reason of its muscular relations. The eyebrows, therefore, of the muscular

races are more elastic and more active than those of the osseous races, hence we observe in the Celtic races and artistic classes greater spontaneity and rapidity of movement of these features than in the Saxon, or Scandinavian, and other osseous peoples and mechanical classes.

The Spanish, Italian, and French use their eyebrows very expressively, and thus show that the muscular system dominates the osseous. The more northerly and osseous people rarely move the muscles of the eyebrow, unless it be the corrugator supercilii, the use of which is to approximate the eyebrows for the purpose of assisting accuracy of observation, which is the main purpose of the practical classes.

The excessively muscular formation of the brows of the ideal or artistic classes shows both the ability and desire for motion, and the form resulting from muscular movement is a curvilinear one, hence the eyebrows of this class are of a curved or semi-curved shape in their main outline. Observation of this line alone will give us the main drift of the associated intellect, whether it be artistic or mechanical, practical or imaginative.

In some subjects the brow is wide and thickly covered with dark hairs, in others it is narrow and exhibits a few straggling hairs. Between these two extremes there are many varieties, as the brows of one person would not harmonize with the features of another, for observation will show that the brow is quite as individualized as any other facial feature. Yet there are certain general rules in regard to its form, size, color, and quality by which this very important feature may be translated into character, and would reveal traits which are at present a profound mystery to onlookers. In this feature, as in all others, we have had to apply the basic laws of Form in order to discover the meaning which each individual brow reveals.

The law of the line, the angle, and the curve applies to the eyebrow, and each brow describes in its outline some one of these simple outlines, or else a more complex, composite, or modification of two or more of these elements of Form.

The law of normalcy or correct standard of form and space applies to the eyebrows and their surroundings as well as to all other features. This law must be apprehended in order to obtain a correct understanding of what is normal as well as of what constitutes a departure from the normal standard.

We observe that the principal concomitants of the brow are form, width, motion, color, position, direction, and space or disEach of these factors assists us in unfolding the meaning of each individual eyebrow. Among these factors space, or the

tance.

normal distance of the brows from each other, and of the brow from the lids, must be taken into account. A very wide interciliary space between the lids and the brows reveals just the opposite characteristics from that found associated with an eyebrow which is brought close down to the eye, and presenting little or no interciliary space between.

Eyebrows that are situated far apart indicate qualities quite different from those that are joined in the centre, and which form an unbroken line,-every minute variation here, as elsewhere, denoting differences which may be highly significant and important.

The general direction of the two extreme points of the brows must be noted, together with the form, outline, facility of move ment, the color, the width or narrowness, whether bushy, luxuriant, or sparsely covered with hairs.

All these circumstances belong to the physiognomy of the eyebrow, and serve to reveal and corroborate the meaning of other parts and features, and point out and reveal other anatomical peculiarities of the face and body.

The first consideration of the brow will be naturally its general form, whether curved, or straight and horizontal; next, the direction of the termini. In endeavoring to understand the full significance of this feature we must note several circumstances, as follow:

(a) The inner terminus, where it commences, whether close down to the eye or whether there be a medium or wide interciliary space between it and the eyelid;

(b) The outer extremity of the brow, whether it be high above the lid or whether it be lowered down in close proximity to the eye;

(c) Whether it join the opposite brow in the middle or whether there be a space between them;

(d) The width of the space;

(e) How nearly the brows resemble each other in form, direction, and hairy development (there is often great disparity in these appearances); (f) Whether the general form of the brow describes a straight line or

a curve;

(g) Whether it be long or short;

(h) The direction of the inner terminus, whether it be upward, downward.

or horizontal;

(i) The direction of the outer terminus, whether it be straight or outward, or upward or downward;

(j) The height of the middle portion of the brow above the lid.

The general direction of the outline is worthy of observation. (k) The line may be straight and horizontal or straight and obliquely placed, as in the Chinese, for example;

(2) The obliquity of the straight line may tend upward from the inner terminus of the brow, or,

(m) It may tend downward from the inner terminus;

(n) It may be straight part of its length, commencing at the inner end, and describe an angle at the exterior end;

(0) It may form a curve at the inner end and an angle at the outer end.

The accompanying figure exhibits the most commonly observed forms of the eyebrow. All others are composites, blends, or modifications of these several general forms. (See Fig. 274, Forms of the Eyebrow.)

In applying the laws of form to the eyebrows attention must be given to the chief constituent tissue, whether it be of bone or of muscle, also whether the bones belong to the round or to the square class. If the bones are rounding and the muscles dominant, a high arch will announce this fact, and also reveal to which class of mind the subject belongs.

It is impossible for a square-boned subject to exhibit an arch in this feature, for the law of the straight line appertains to the square bone, and the straight line indicates characteristics quite the opposite from those produced by the curve.

FIG. 274.-FORMS OF THE EYEBROW. (After Lavater.)

"The above are twelve forms of eyebrows, all of which may accompany understanding, though 10 can with difficulty; 11, less difficultly; 8, more: 6, very difficultly; 4, most; 1, 2, and 3, on the contrary, scarcely can accompany folly; 12 is form of understanding such as can scarcely be deceived."

The individual peculiarities in the combinations of bone and muscle are the cause of the many diverse forms of eyebrows observed in different individuals. Not only are the eyebrows different in form in each individual, but rarely do we find them alike, or even nearly alike, in the face of a given subject. The right and left eyebrows, like all the features in the majority of faces, are usually characterized by absence of bilateral similarity, thus proving that discrepancies occur in the form of the bones and muscles of the opposite sides of the face, as well as in the opposite sides of the head and body.

The theory brought forward by several anthropologists and physiognomists, viz., that the right side of the organism represents the father or his family, and the left side resembles the mother or her family, may account for these (in many subjects) very striking