and the other for the supremacy of the osseous system. The latter class exhibits a capacity for angular mechanism rather than for the round. Carpenters come under the head of angular mechanics, inasmuch as they deal with plane surfaces and angular forms; while watchmakers and wheelwrights belong to the muscular-constructive class, and are best adapted to the running of machinery, and will show themselves more skillful in this direction than in the former. The most skillful piano-players and sewingmachine operators belong to the muscular class. It is true that the bony class of mechanics make use of circular forms and of the spherical principle in their various works; yet these are not the dominant or reigning principles. The muscular classes also use the angular principle of form; yet the circular is the regnant principle in their works. The bodies and noses of these two classes present two distinct types of formation in harmony with the forms which they are most skillful in using and creating. The angular mechanic is

conspicuous by a long, high, and bony nose; in some subjects it is convex and well filled out at the sides, with squareness of all the bones, and an angular rather than a rounded body. The joints of the hands, fingers, and limbs are large and considered "homely" by those who do not know the beauty and significance of the square and angle. In some mechanics the nose is relatively short, thick, and broad, yet with large bones; in others longer, yet wide and thick through, just above the opening of the nostrils. Professor Morse, the electrician, is an excellent example of this sort of nose.

I recently saw in a fashion article a recipe for making a stiff, bony wrist over into a round, plump, flexible one! This would be, if successful, a greater miracle than was ever wrought by saint or prophet. Those who recognize but one form of beauty, viz., the curvilinear form, need to extend their knowledge of the signification of forms in Nature, and thus broaden their capacity for enjoying those shapes that illustrate the most substantial, the most heroic and moral character.

ABNORMAL TYPE.

Many human beings come into the world freighted with the results of the bad habits of innumerable ancestors. The nose

records these lapses from normal habits as surely as it registers the hygienic conditions which have resulted in normal form of this member.

Noses disproportionately short announce a lack of bone, hence of caution and foresight in the subject exhibiting this form. This mental defect will inevitably lead to ill luck in all enterprises, as well as to ill health through lack of the care-taking propensity. We can, therefore, class this among the unhealthful or abnormal types.

A nose very high and extremely thin in combination is another abnormal form, and reveals consumptive tendencies, with but feeble longevous powers. Great weakness of the stomach is to be found associated with those noses that are greatly depressed at the centre, as well as a lack of veneration of the self-controlling, self-respecting, law-abiding element.

Very sharp-pointed noses are deficient in that general or large development of character and of physique which indicates capacity for long life, or a life that is rich in its fullness. It is not so much length of days that is to be considered desirable ds is the quality of fullness of existence while on earth.

The gimlet-shaped nose ever announces a small degree of those ornate faculties which assist in rendering the mind creative, imaginative, artistic, and analytic; and these traits are the product in a race of a higher evolutionary grade than is possessed by those with sharp-pointed or impoverished noses. Examine some of the lower classes of the Irish, those who are the offspring of centuries of deprivation of physical comforts and social advantages, and we shall find the most striking types of this class of pointed noses. It is also seen in the faces of individuals of all races, and in them denotes poor physical conditions of their ancestors. A good nose is not the product of one gen eration alone; neither does a poor one come into existence suddenly. It can be traced back to some poor-nosed ancestor, or is the result of cumulative deprivation, or, as in the case of some feeble-minded subject, it proceeds from unusual modifications of the laws of form during prenatal existence.

Noses abnormally long indicate too great a degree of Cautiousness, and this gives a suspicious turn to the mind, and thus engenders disordered or morbid ideas, which may result in alienating friends, or in melancholy brooding, in insanity or suicide.

A nose very crooked or curved on the back, below the normal position for the curve, betokens avaricious or dishonest propensities. It is, in short, a caricature of strength, and as the curve is misplaced it argues a condition not normal.

The nose which is disproportionately high at the bridge will exhibit a despotic nature, unless there are modifying signs elsewhere-such, for example, as well-balanced Benevolence, large Reason, or Love of Young, or Conjugality, or Practicality.

Where the nose is high and broad between the eyes, and joins the forehead without any degree of incurvation, it denotes a character stupidly willful. If it join the forehead without a gentle undulation, and then suddenly project, it is evidence of a suspicious as well as of a willful disposition.

If the nose be abnormally short and thick, with a poor quality of texture, it is evidence of a stupid or brutal character.

Where the nostrils are wide and appear as if facing the observer, it is proof of low animal passions. This is one of

FIG. 239.

ANIMAL TYPE. •

FIG. 240.

REVENGEFUL NOSTRILS.

the most striking characteristics of many animals. It is found in all simian faces, as well as among the carnivorous classes and the more peaceable domestic beasts. The ape tribes disclose this peculiarity in what may be termed its most malicious form, the nostril being at almost right angles to the eyes, and this form, when observed in the human face, indicates spite, malice, revenge, or vindictiveness, in various degrees and in diverse manifestations. Nostrils exceedingly narrow announce poor circulatory and respiratory powers, with a decided tendency to consumption and little ambition.

Nostrils that are stiff and wanting in flexibility denote absence of sensitiveness or delicacy of sensation.

Very broad and flat nostrils indicate abnormal secretiveness, as in the negro and other undeveloped races. This appearance is

an animal peculiarity, and must be classed among the signs for comparatively undeveloped minds.

In concluding the foregoing analysis and description of the nose, it is pertinent to the subject to speak of those accidental appearances of this feature which often lead the physiognomist into error. A highly-observant physiognomist should be able to at once know if a peculiarity of this member were congenital or accidental, but, lest a wrong verdict of character should be rendered, the question should be put to the subject as to whether accident has imparted an unnatural form to the nose. Many noses are one-sided; others depressed at the bridge by a blow; others by accident become straightened at the bridge, which were originally convex; others are swollen by catarrh or other disorders, or by bad habits of eating and drinking; others present thickened walls and a large, thick, coarse point, which is a scrofulous indication, and does not denote Ideality or Sublimity. The quality as well as form should be remarked, for fineness of the texture of the skin is the sign of fineness of organization, and is seldom the accompaniment of a scrofulous diathesis.

All these circumstances should be taken into account in reading the physiognomy. Certain disorders destroy the osseous tissue of the nose; others affect the cartilage. Catarrh and syphilis both leave traces of their ravages upon this member, while polypus and inflammation change the color, size, and texture. All these circumstances must be had in consideration. When the nose is so far destroyed as to prevent our gaining a knowledge of the mentality of the subject, reference may be made to the forehead, head, and shape of the hand, the fingers, and other portions of the organism, for all are parts of one harmonious whole, and serve to enlighten the truly accurate observer.

THE EYE,

In order to understand the full significance of the eye as an indicator of character, a certain degree of knowledge of its mechani cal construction, as well as of its evolution, is essential. It is impossible in this work, limited as it is to the more external aspects of character, to give extended descriptions of the physiology and evolution of all the features; yet some accurate account must be had from competent authority in order not only to enlighten the reader, but also to sustain my own theories.

As elsewhere stated, the outer skin-covering of the body is the most primitive of the mental organs; it is in the human being the most diffused and extensive, and gives us our ideas of heat or

cold, of solid or liquid, of pressure or of resistance; in short, of the qualities of things independent of that knowledge of them which sight brings to us.

The tips of the fingers and the tongue are the most sensitive portions of this sense-organ. The outer skin is the most primitive of the mental organs, and evolution teaches how the eyes are evolved from this tissue. The course of their evolution has been followed with the aid of the microscope and other instrumentalities by many eminent observers, in the human as well as in animal embryos.

As it would take too much space were I to go into the detail of their observations, I shall therefore be obliged to content myself with quoting the result or summing up of the description by Professor Haeckel of this process. He observes:

The most important fact in this remarkable process of eye-development is the circumstance that the optic nerve, the retina, and the pigmentmembrane originate from a part of the brain, from a protuberance of the twixt-brain, while the crystalline lens, the most important refracting medium, develops from the outer skin (epidermis). From the outer skin-the horny lamina-originates also the delicate connecting membrane (conjunctiva), which afterward envelops the outer surface of the eyeball; the tear-glands proceed as branched processes from the conjunctiva; all the other parts of the eye originate from the skin-fibrous layer; the vitreous body, and the vascular lens-capsule, from the leather plate, the choroid coat with the iris, and the protective membrane (sclerotica) with the horny membrane (cornea) from the head-plates. The outer protective organs for the eye, the eyelids, are merely simple folds of skin, which in the human embryo appear in the third month. In the fourth month the upper lid adheres to the lower, and the eye then remains covered by them till birth. The two eyelids usually again separate shortly before birth, but sometimes not till after. Our skulled ancestors had, in addition to this, a third eyelid, the nictitating membrane, which was drawn over the eye from the inner corner. Many primitive fishes (Selachii) and Amnion animals yet retain this. In apes and man it has atrophied, and only a small remnant of it exists in the inner corner of the eye, as the "crescent-shaped fold," as a useless "rudimentary organ."*

The student of evolution will call to mind that the entire brain was originally evolved from the outer skin, hence, in its most exact and vigorous sense, all parts of the eye have been derived from this tissue, and in this circumstance we find one of the most powerful evidences of the intimate relation existing between the texture of the skin and the brightness of the eye. It will be found upon examination that these two conditions are always in exact relationship or agreement with each other. The physiognomist feels entirely safe when by putting together these two circumstances he deduces therefrom the quality or mental grade of the subject.

*The Evolution of Man, Ernst Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 259.