possessed of an inherited appetite for intoxicants. My own observations confirm this. Now, this habit is abnormal, and leads to every species of wickedness. This peculiar formation of the mouth shows that it is abnormal, for it is a reversion to a lower-type form, and reveals the peculiar characteristic of that form, viz., love of fluids, as well as a taste for intoxicating fluids.

The curved shape of these several classes of mouths exhibit the action of the law of perversion, or the law of the skew; their obliquity and deviation from the straight and horizontal or normal form of the line of closure of the mouth betrays their departure from the strict line of rectitude. They not only indicate abnormal thirst, but, as this form is the form of a very low type in the scale of development, it denotes either relative stupidity, insensibility, or brutality. It is not a human form at all. Lavater has noted this mouth, and ascribes to it the qualities of theft, mendacity, and brutality. The more nearly the human mouth approaches in form that of any animal, the more the accompanying characteristics of that species will be exhibited, and the lower in the scale of development the animal, the lower will be the moral status of the individual thus characterized.

FIG. 192.-A SENSUAL MOUTH.

Some criminals exhibit their vicious propensities by great disproportion of the lips. In some cases the lower one is very full, coarse, and protrusive, setting far out beyond the upper one, which is thin and pale. In others, the under one is thin and flat, and the upper lip large, thick, and projecting. In the latter case there will be excessive sensuality, insensibility, and grossness in conversation, together with gluttonous tastes.

Observation and comparison of a collection of notorious criminals will reveal the fact that the signs of criminality are to be found, first, in the motor or muscular apparatus of the face,-in the mouth, eyes, and in the soft parts of the cheeks; secondly, in the motive apparatus of the trunk, limbs, feet, etc. All these indications are explained elsewhere in several places; hence I shall only allude to them here in order to show that it is upon the most flexible and malleable parts of the system that criminal, vicious, stupid, and brutal signs appear.

One great lesson to be drawn from this is, that inasmuch as these signs appear in the most flexible muscles and softest tissues, the attempt to improve and elevate these victims of transmitted

faults is most encouraging, for the very elasticity of these parts proves that they are susceptible of modification, for where the movements of muscles are often repeated in the same direction they become permanent; then, too, there is a law of automatism of the muscles and a periodicity of motion of the nervous system through the action of which oft-recurring sensations and movements of these two classes of motor-powers create permanet con ditions and forms.

The signs of criminal disposition are treated of in the description of the lips and eyes. The reader can refer to these for further instruction.

That the principle of skewism, scalenism, or sinistrality was understood in its practical results, at least by Lavater, is shown by the following. He remarks:

Of him whose figure is oblique; whose mouth is oblique; whose walk is oblique; whose handwriting is oblique,—that is, in an unequal, irregular direction,--of him the manner of thinking, character, and conduct are oblique, inconsistent, partial, sophistic, false, sly, crafty, whimsical, contradictory, coldly-sneering, devoid of sensibility.*

THE CHEEKS.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The cheeks of the human face are composed entirely of soft tissues, muscles, fibres, adipose material, nerves, vascular tissue, lymphatic glands, and an elastic skin, and by reason of their being composed entirely of the soft tissues of the body they are more susceptible to changes of their form than those features which depend upon bone or muscle exclusively for their outlines.

As before stated, all facial signs of character are situated in the tissue or constituent from which the associated mental faculty or faculties derive their power. It is thus that Nature points us to the source or base of supply of each individual faculty. Now, the origin of all of the signs of character found in the lower cheeks is intestinal. Hospitality, Alimentiveness, or Digestion, Friendship. Approbativeness, and Mirthfulness are directly related to this system. No one can doubt this who has ever made observations upon the changes wrought in this feature by good digestion, by dyspepsia or consumption, or by the sudden falling away of the cheeks through loss of appetite, or by a wasting disease. No animal possesses cheeks, properly so called. This part of the physiognomy is in them wanting. The development of character

* Essays on Physiognomy, Lavater, p. 463.

which I associate with this portion of this countenance is also in them measurably lacking. Animals do not exhibit in a refined manner those traits whose signs I have located in the cheeks, although they do possess the germs of all, and exhibit them in an animal-like manner in varying degrees. Instead of cheeks they have jowls or chops, and those who do not possess these are devoid entirely of any semblance of cheeks, and so we may truly say that the developed cheek is a purely human feature. Like all facial features, it observes an orderly progress in evolution and development, and in the perfectly-matured human being one's grade in Sociality, Friendship, Hospitality, and Approbativeness is at once settled by reference to the cheeks. Very little is noted in regard to the significance of the cheeks in works of art, of anatomy, or of expression. This neglect is so wide-spread that when I came to this portion of my work I found scarcely any authority by which to emphasize my own deductions. It is true, anatomy tells us all about the muscles, fibres, vascular apparatus, etc., of the cheeks, but nothing about the forms which are developed by the action of the juices which arise from the collection of tissues composing these features. Poets and lovers have written the most upon rosy cheeks," "dimpled cheeks," etc., but I cannot accept as correct the deductions of these rather unscientific and partial thinkers. Art has perhaps enlightened us the most as to the forms of the cheeks, yet nothing in art-writings instructs us as to their physiognomical significance, except in a vague and general

manner.

The cheeks in the human face are of great assistance both to mastication and language. The space gives room for the tongue in comminuting the food into small fragments, while the same area enables the singer, orator, and linguist to produce greater volume. The cheeks of all great singers are particularly full and rounding; they are full naturally, for the body and face of a great singer are suited to the performance of vocality from birth,-afterward by cultivation the cheeks become more distended by the constant practice of loud tones; yet they are never soft or globose, for the life-long practice of loud tones develops the muscular fibres of the cheek, and although they are elastic, as is required for vocal utterance, yet there is a firm and tense quality of the tissues which is not present in the soft, fat, globose cheek, which has not felt the effect of vocal gymnastics. Let the reader examine the cheeks of all great singers and speakers, and I dare affirm there will not be found one with hollow cheeks among them. See, for example, the physiognomies or portraits of Materna. Scalchi, Patti, Huntley, Neilson, Madame Sainton-Dolby, Campanini, Robert G. Ingersoll,

Spurgeon, Daniel Dougherty, and Wendell Phillips. Among pulpit orators the cheeks of all who are in health present a rounded contour. See the Rev. Drs. Field and Joseph Thompson, Bishops Elder, Keane, and Simpson, and Rabbi Samuel M. Isaacs. Indeed, one will fail to find thin or hollow cheeks in the countenance of any one whose profession leads to constant use of the voice in the production of loud tones, from the pulpit orator to the auctioneer, and peripatetic venders of all sorts.

Animals are incapable of producing the sweet, melodious modulations which are characteristic of the human voice, for the reason that they lack the necessary mechanism, among which is that development of cheek observed in the human face; hence, the members of the animal kingdom bellow, howl, roar, whistle, mew, and growl, and the nearer a human voice approaches any of these sounds, the more defective is the speaking apparatus and the more the character partakes of some animal-like faculty.

A use for rounded cheeks has here been noted; beauty always follows use as a matter of course; that is to say, physiognomical beauty, as is proven in the case of the rounded cheeks of orators and vocalists. How much superior in form are these to the hollow, sunken cheeks of the dyspeptic or consumptive; for, says Dr. Cross,

Every organ is physiognomically good in proportion to its aptitude for performing its whole vital and animal functions.*

The beauty of form and color observed in the cheeks of the most beautiful and healthful human beings proceeds from, firstly, inherited form and quality; secondly, from such condition of the intestinal system as will continue to supply the quantity and quality of blood and nutritive juices necessary to preserve the original form and color. When by reason of old age the cheeks shrivel and become sunken or wrinkled, these changes can be accounted for mainly upon the ground of a less vigorous appetite or enfeebled nutritive powers. All changes of this part of the countenance are directly traceable to the condition of this digestive function, hence we are justified in associating the signs of character observed in the cheeks with the intestinal system mainly.

With these preliminary remarks I shall draw your attention to the two general divisions of the cheeks.

THE TWO DIVISIONS OF THE CHEEKS.

For the purpose of description and analysis the cheeks may be divided into two parts, the upper and the lower. The lower part, as we have seen, is almost entirely composed of soft tissues. * An Attempt to Establish Physiognomy on Scientific Principles, J. Cross, M.D., p. &

At the same time it is somewhat modified in form by the shape of the lower jaw-bone, as well as by the structure of the alveolar process (the bone in which the teeth of the upper jaw are inserted), also by the size, form, and condition of the teeth.

The upper part of the cheek depends mainly upon the form of the underlying malar bones and the muscles of mastication.

Let us examine, first, the several forms, colors, and appearances of the lower cheek, and afterward follow with a description of the upper portion.

FIG. 193.

The several general forms of the lower check are eight in number; all others are modifications or combinations of some one or more of these general forms. These eight forms of the lower cheek may be classified as follows: The embryonic, the globose, or infantile; the gluttonous, or exaggerated; the oval, or art-form; the rectangular, or moral; the irregular, or criminal; the concave, or consumptive, and the dyspeptic.

THE EMBRYONIC CHEEK.

In the early stages of prenatal life the human embryo has developed very little of that rounded appearance of the cheeks which characterizes the matured infant. At the second month of prenatal existence the human cheek is as devoid of development as that of the hog, which it somewhat resembles, and, as it reveals at this stage no appearance of a chin, the cheeks are very meagre indeed. (See Fig. 214.)

state.

Now, sickness often reduces the cheeks to such an enfeebled condition as to cause them to retrograde to an almost embryonic There are also some undeveloped races, notably the native New Zealander, whose cheeks approach the embryotic in form, or rather in lack of form, for in these races there are many who exhibit such a formless, shapeless, chaotic condition of the cheeks as would justify one in saying they had no cheeks, only a place where they might develop. All these appearances teach us that the more nearly any given cheek approaches the form of the embryo, the more lacking is the character in those traits of which the normal cheek stands representative. The more the lower cheek approaches an oval or rectangular form, the more is it indicative of normal powers in the direction of friendship, hospitality, agreeability, and health.

In the earliest stages of embryonic life the intestinal system is not perfectly developed, and its sign in the face (the lower cheek)