Among actors, actresses, and opera-singers, observe the following: Sarah Siddons, Philip John Kemble, Charlotte Cushman, Talma, Molière, Forrest, David Garrick, Nat. Goodwin, and Lotta.

Of writers whose lower jaw is dramatic, and whose works are dramatic, I name the following: Miss Louise Alcott, Dickens, Lucy Larcom, Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney, J. Fenimore Cooper, T. B. Aldrich, W. D. Howells, Joseph C. Neal, La Bruyere, Mad. de Staël.

There are many others in each of these classes, but a sufficient number are here mentioned to give the reader an opportunity to make generalizations and comparisons.

Many persons in private life also exhibit this form of jaw and chin, but wherever observed a love, taste, or talent for dramatic works of some sort will be found associated with this peculiarity.

THE SQUARE JAW-MORAL, MECHANICAL, SCIENTIFIC.

The square-shaped jaw has many significations, for its form denotes a high grade of development in a moral, mechanical, or scientific direction.

This form must not be confounded with the angular jaw, which indicates quite different traits. The squaring of the square jaw is observed to be situated upon the sides of the jaw, and when combined with a certain. degree of width of the chin always denotes a high degree of conscientiousness and moral power, with either mechanical or scientific tendencies. These two classes of traits are in close relationship, inasmuch as they are both based upon the laws of Nature and are closely related. Signs in other parts of the face will point out to which of these two departments of mentality the mind belongs.

FIG. 157.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON.

The lower jaws of Jonathan Trumbull and Roger Sherman, heroes of '76, show the square form, and their conduct was heroic in the "times that tried men's souls." The signs for Conscientiousness, Firmness, Perseverance, and Moral Courage are strongly defined in their chins. All these traits inhere in the osseous sys tem, and their signs are in the bony structure of the lower jaw and chin.

Squareness of the chin or lower jaw denotes fidelity to whatever one is most interested in, hence an individual with a square jaw will be faithful in love, as well as prompt and steadfast in business relations. The signs for principle and morality are found in the bones of the chin, while the signs for art, love, and emotion are revealed by the form and development of the muscles. If the

chin is more bony than muscular, integrity is the stronger; if the muscles dominate, the affections are supreme. Where the fatty tissues are most developed a sense of ease, comfort, and sociality, with love of eating, drinking, and sleeping, will be manifested, and the double and triple chin will register the supremacy of these tastes and appetites.

THE ANGULAR OR CONTRARY JAW.

FIG. 158.-VOLTAIRE.

This peculiarity of the lower jaw is shown by a decided angularity of the bones at the junction of the side of the jaw with the ramus, or where the bone commences to ascend to join the malar or cheek-bone. It denotes absence of ease in the movement of the muscles, and the lack of easy movements shows by contrariness or angularity of conduct-opposition to the wishes and plans proposed by others. In form and movement this jaw is just the opposite of the curving jaw, and it indicates precisely opposite traits. In the curving jaw great ease of action is obtained by reason of the roundness of the bones and the supremacy of the muscles. This combination gives ease of motion to all the joints of the body, and this is, of course, indicated in the motions. of the jaw as well. Those who possess this combination are imitative, and readily adjust the muscles to suit any position required. They can also make gestures in a graceful manner, and evidence, by their imitations of the walk, voice, and manners of others, that the muscles have free play, and are not impeded by angularity of the joints. This perfect freedom of the muscular system tends to agreeability, whereas the movements of the former are less free, and, as angularity presupposes defective organization of some sort, it is shown in this case by perverse opposition to the will or wish of others, regardless of whether it be for one's own interest or not. The angularity which is disclosed in the jaw is an attribute of the entire bony and muscular framework of the body to which this jaw belongs, and registers its facial sign in the lower jaw, particularly. It is a species of contrary will-power, and quite as often acts in opposition to its own desires as it does to the will of others. Sometimes the subject of this unlovely trait will oppose at first what he really desires, and later will accede to the plan first proposed, working by the law of contrariety which is in harmony with his structure, the sign for which is signally conspicuous in his physiognomy.

Those in whom this sign is observed are either lacking in good sound judgment or practicality, or knowledge of human nature, or

some other important trait. We must look to the indications in each individual case to learn which of these faculties is lacking.

The angular form observed in the lower jaw of the bull-dog, the zebra, the South African dauro, the ass, donkey, and quagga, denotes in these animals precisely what it does in man. The character for contrariness of all these animals is well known, added to which the ass and donkey are somewhat knavish and the others fierce both states of undevelopment. Now, contrariness in man and animals indicates a lack of something which is required to balance the character. Fierceness in men and animals is a symp tom of undevelopment, and the signs of these defects are found in the same place in the physiognomies of both these classes. They will all exhibit more or less of the perverse, refractory, unruly, antagonistic, and retroactive traits of character.

The angular jaw is a perversion of the square form; hence, it exhibits neither the steadfastness of square bones, nor the easy movements of round, pliant muscles. It is an unfortunate chemical combination. This is an exemplification of the law of the angle misplaced. That is to say, an acute angle does not normally belong to this feature. It should be gently curved to facilitate ease of motion in speech, etc., and as it is just the reverse of this normal method it announces contrariness and opposition both in speech and action. The basic laws of Form wherever applied expound the character, and nowhere are they more strikingly revealed and proven than in this instance.

PROGNATHOUS JAWS.

The projection forward of both the lower and upper jaws which is observed in several negro tribes is prognathous in contradistinction to the more regular and perpendicular form of jaws and lips observed generally in the Caucasian race. This form, termed by anthropologists "Orthognathous," is characteristic of the majority of all the Caucasian races, the European, the Anglo-saxon and their descendants. Yet among all these races the prognathous jaws are frequently met with. It is, I believe, the most frequent among the Irish race, and is also found in other European people, among whom a generous diet and social advantages have been absent for generations. Now, although this form of the jaws belongs by virtue of evolution to savage or semi-barbarous people, it shows up in every civilized country among those who have been impoverished for generations-among those who have lacked ample nutrition, education, refinement, and social opportunities. This is why it is so frequently met with among the poorest of the Irish peasantry, for this people has for generations been deprived

of nearly all the accessories of civilization, and this long-continued impoverishment has been followed naturally by degradation of structure, as well as by degradation of moral and mental powers. This long arrest of development has resulted in a genuine "atavism," or reversion to savage types, for it has been observed in hundreds of instances by many observers that the children born in America of parents whose jaws (one or both) were prognathous presented a more modified and comely form than that of their parents or elder brothers and sisters born under the disadvantages of the serf or peasant modes of life. In this case, an ample diet and improved social advantages tended to bring the offspring back to normal types and forms from which they had retrograded through generations of deprivation.

The prognathism of the negro is caused by an exaggerated growth forward of the jaw-bone and teeth, and an uncommon development of the lips.

PROGNATHISM OF THE UPPER JAW is caused by an outward inclination of the upper jaw-bone and a protrusion of the teeth and lip, but the form of protrusion observed among the Caucasians is usually somewhat modified from this form. In these cases the chin recedes and the alveolar process and the teeth project and are met by a similar projection of the teeth and lips of the upper jaw.

In others the prognathism is apparent only in the projection forward of the upper-jaw teeth and lips.

Some jaws are very decidedly protrusive; others less so. This feature thus characterized is always indicative of a sort of kindly, generous, or easy, good-natured disposition, which is doubtless in each separate case the compensation for a defect in some other faculty and feature, for all notorious exaggerations of feature or faculty are defects for which the law of balance of compensation furnishes a remedy, or seeks to do so by the peculiar development of some other feature and faculty. All imperfections of the mouth, the jaws, the lips, and teeth are indications, first, of inherited defects of the nutritive system; secondly, of existing and inherited defects of the vocal and linguistic capacities. Inasmuch as the mouth and its accessories are the organs both of alimentation and speech, it follows naturally that peculiarities in the structure of these parts would be the indications of peculiarities in speech and digestion. The inference to be drawn from this interaction and

culty is that all imperfections and .. forms of structure of the mouth, jaws, ective mental powers. This is the case, aving hare-lip, crooked mouths, cleft-palate,

a mouth disproportionally small, or by resitating manner of speech, all of which rai defects. The theory of the relation of states to oral conditions is sustained by the Surgeons, who state that large numbers of ...s exhibit defects of speech of various sorts.

sm is a departure from the normal form of the d may be of two kinds, dental or maxillary. In

only project; in the latter, the projection is ongation of the jaw-bone. The negro's jaw is an Sation of the latter; while the more modified form hathism is the variety most frequently observed in munities. The evolution of the lower jaw-bone as miancy to adult life is an additional proof of the Scations. In the Caucasian infant the lower jaw recedes the line of closure of the mouth; later it assumes Perpendicularity, while in some very firm characters it htly forward of this line.

atrefages asserts that "all races and all individuals are prognathous." My observations in physiognomy do colate this statement, for those whose teeth close evenly wile in a normal position cannot be said to possess any ognathism whatever. Those whose teeth of either one beyond the other are in that degree prog

sa aware that in ill-balanced characters this appearance is ymet with, and so numerous are the subjects who exhibit ch do not exactly meet that they form a majority of the amily. So rarely do dentists find a subject whose teeth ... meet, that it seems to be the prevalent opinion among at this is the normal structure, for so I have been assured es eminent and experienced in that profession. I cannot is correct their opinion upon this phenomenon for two

first, because a cutting, biting, and grinding apparatus is perect where the opposing points meet exactly; secondly, Nem the best-balanced physiognomies the incisor teeth, ... ue intended for biting and cutting, come together evenly in ece of closing them or in biting, whereas those not so evenly

cod exhibit often a slight projection of the upper over the cca, or of the lower beyond the upper teeth. A critical and ex