vation, Size, Form, Locality and Order, etc., the ideas and theories evolved will be visionary and impractical, because lacking a practical and accurate basis. If Conscientiousness be measurably deficient and Reason large, the mind is prone to believe in falsities, and to evolve unsound hypotheses and theories. There must be a balanced condition between Conscience and Reason in order to make use of truth in the reasoning processes. It is thus perceived that in the use of all the higher faculties of mind a harmonious or balanced condition of faculties must be present in order to make them most effective. Where Causality is large in combination with the practical faculties, the mind dwells upon the laws of Nature and of mechanism. Such minds soon learn to separate natural causes from superstitious beliefs. Large Causality with large Conscientiousness lead to the investigation of moral truths, and those with good literary faculties and language combined will be able to write and speak on moral philosophy. Causality, Comparison, and Imitation large give ability for mental philosophy. Professor Alexander Bain's physiognomy is an excellent illustration of this combination. His writings upon moral and mental philosophy are most admirable, and show the possession of conscience, reason, and intuition in a very marked degree.

The development of Causality and Comparison in all of the higher animals is so marked that any one who has been long associated with them cannot fail to have observed its action. That these faculties are also present in a modified degree, very low down in the scale of organized life, none can doubt who has made a practical study of insects, birds, and reptiles. Now, many persons who have not examined the matter closely deny to the lower tribes the possession of any degree whatsoever of the reasoning power, referring all their efforts to "instinct," as if that were an explanation. Instinct or spontaneity in man is looked upon as genius, for the musical effort of a prodigy like Mozart, who played and composed at five years of age, were as spontaneous and automatic as any act of the lower animals could possibly be. It is related of the water-moths that they cover themselves with pieces of wood or gravel in order to maintain their equilibrium in the water. When they are too light they add to themselves a minute speck of gravel, and, when too heavy, a bit of pith or wood. In man such action would be deemed the height of inventive judgment, and it certainly exhibits in the lowly lepidoptera the presence of the faculty of Weight, of inventive power, and of capacity to reason from cause to effect. The mass of evidence in proof of the possession and operation of Causality and Comparison in many classes of insects and animals of various grades is so overwhelming

that it seems superfluous to introduce any examples here. One could fill volumes with the most incontrovertible evidence on this point. The cultivation of Causality strengthens the mind, and gives boldness and originality to one's thoughts. Those who are deficient in original inquiry are like the sheep who blindly follow the one that has the most power to lead. Many are satisfied to have others do their thinking for them, and lean altogether upon the views and opinions of their doctor, minister, or friends; but those who would know for a certainty the cause and origin of phenomena must investigate for themselves, yet this need not prevent their giving due respect and credence to those whose opinions have been tested by practical experiment. A study of the natural sciences and of the laws of mechanics tends to strengthen the cause-seeking faculty, while speculative theories and superstitious beliefs founded on faith stifle the promptings of reason. The inductive method of reasoning-that which traces the effect from causes or facts-is the most practical, yet the deductive method-that which traces causes from the effects observed-is also useful. The first-mentioned method is like performing a sum in arithmetic; the latter method is like proving the arithmetical process. Both are of use. Listening to debates and to good logicians is an excellent way of strengthening the causative power. The endeavor to arrive at the absolute truth by irresistible proofs is calculated to lead to the most cogent conclusiveness.

COMPARISON.

Definition.-Ability to originate, comprehend, arrange, criticize, and compare ideas, plans, and systems; capacity to reason logically and to use analogy; power to comprehend complex systems by investigating their laws. Comparison assists philosophy, planning, and invention. It gives breadth of mind, good sense, and correct judgment. It creates a desire to learn laws, investigate principles, penetrate causes, and expound theories. This trait is large in lawyers, statesmen, generals, leaders, inventors, naturalists, scientists, orators, and chess-players.

An excess leads to sophistry and tiresome and useless theorising, to the planning of impractical schemes and wild and visionary speculations.

A deficiency is exhibited by those who are unable to create, plan, or arrange ideas, or work systematically, and who fail to connect cause with effect. This defect is shown in those who have a narrow understanding, and who are incapable of comprehending profound, broad, or long-sighted plans in business, government,

or in mechanism. They are also unable to suggest new methods or to make experiments. They are incapable of making a logical statement or to comprehend one. They give opinions instead of logical reasons, and fail to perceive the difference between the "reason why" and a personal opinion on any given subject. A lack of reason is the foundation of bigotry and superstition, for those who are wanting in logic and common sense allow the emotions to rule them, and hence substitute feeling and personal opinion for reflection and reason.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The most conspicuous and reliable facial sign of Comparison is height and breadth of the bridge of the nose, conjoined to length of this organ,―provided the quality be fine. The nasal sign for Comparison lies above the nasal sign for Veneration and joins Causality above. Fullness of the centre of the upper part of the forehead is also a sign, if the quality be fine and the brain system is dominant, or one of the principal systems. Where the osseous and brain forms are about equally exhibited and are of good or fine quality, and the bones are square, excellent reasoning powers will be manifested upon mechanical and scientific subjects. Where the brain form, conjoined with the vegetative or rounding form, is dominant and of fine quality, capacity for profound and prolonged reasoning upon metaphysical subjects will be exhibited. David Hume is a good illustration of this combination. Where the forehead is high, full, and broad, associated with fine muscular development, ability to reason upon art and metaphysical subjects will be manifested. This combination produces the rounding forehead, and the curved form is according to universal law the form devoted to art. Thus each combination reveals by its form and quality its inherent tendency and direction. Each of these combinations has its meaning registered in the form of the nose, as well as in the form of the brain and body, and mutually confirm each other.

Comparison is of the highest power in those characters who, with fine inherited quality, have also a very long as well as high and broad nose. Short, bony noses, no matter how high and broad, reveal less of this faculty than those which have length. Comparison of the nose of Lagrange, the eminent astronomer, with that of Gibbon, the historian, and the noses of Lagrange and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, grand reasoners, with those of Rubens and Miss Hosmer, celebrated artists, will illustrate the differences between those noses which reveal ability for the most comprehensive comparisons, and those which reason upon subjects requiring relatively less breadth and comprehensiveness. Flat-nosed persons and races are entirely destitute both of Comparison and Causality. Their

short, flat noses, depressed chests, and relative lack of breadth are most conclusive signs of the absence of the capacity to comprehend logical premises and deductions.

A broad, well-developed body, together with a high, broad, and long nose (if of fine quality) is the most favorable formation for the manifestation of a

FIG. 120.-ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. (LEC-
TURER, AUTHOR, REFORMER, EDITOR, AND OR-
ATOR.)

Born in Jamestown, N. Y., 1816. Conspicuous facial sign, Comparison, shown by width and height of the bridge of the nose, robust body, and fullness of the centre of the forehead. The law of the straight line, curve, and sphere governs this face. The physiognomist in delineating so regal a character as this finds language almost inadequate to express its powers and excellencies. To a highly developed, social, domestic, and moral nature this lady adds all of the higher faculties of the intellect. In this character, Firmness and Conscience, without being severe, are unswerving; Love of Home, of Country, and of Young are all of the highest order. As a wife, mother, and patriot, this lady is unexcelled. The signs for Benevolence, Alimentiveness, Mirth, Approbation, Friendship, Hospitality, Sanativeness, Color, Self-esteem, and Modesty are well de

sound

high degree of
reason, with ability for pro-
longed and profound labors
in this department of men-
tality.

Another facial sign for Comparison, not so reliable as the former, is found in fullness of the centre of the upper portion of the forehead. The sign in the nose, as above given, is always to be depended upon, together with the sort of reason which will be manifested, for the shape of the nose discloses the mental tendencies of the character, and those tendencies will be toward the analysis of art, or of literature, or of architecture, or of science. The form of the nose will in each case decide the dominant ten

fined. Resistance is large, as shown by her life-long dency or direction. A well

efforts in opposing slavery, and in her unflinching endeavors to promote woman's enfranchisement. In the nose the signs for Ideality, Sublimity, Mental Imitation, Analysis, Human Nature, Construction, Acquisition, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are prominent; so, also, are Form and Size. Locality, Mental Order, Calculation, Prescience, and Credenciveness are less than average. Language, as shown by the mouth and eyes, is copious, fluent, clear, witty, cogent, logical, and magnetic. As an orator, she is one of the most impressive and ornate, and is eminently well adapted to

developed nose is the distinguishing feature of the most highly developed races and individuals. It is a current belief that all

statesmanship, and would have made a good Secretary large, high, broad, and full

of State. With the highest powers of Reason she combines those of Intuition, while her sympathies for the oppressed of both sexes and of all races have led her to leave a home and life of luxury to travel and labor for their amelioration. The women of America will forever be her debtors for legal and property rights which she has been instrumental in gaining for them.

foreheads are evidence of fine reason and sound intellect. Nothing can be further from the truth. Such lungs and good digestive

a forehead, if accompanied with large faculties, together with fine inherited quality, would be proof of

an excellent reasoner and of good intellect in some directions; but a projecting, high forehead, without these physiological gifts, and with a coarse, thick skin, would be indicative of stupidity or of very commonplace mental powers. Let the reader once comprehend the immense power which large lungs give to mental processes and how much is due to a sound visceral structure, and he will desire to examine the nose, nostrils, and entire face before passing judgment upon a character based upon an inspection of the size of the head or forehead merely. The rule is to observe, first, the quality of the subject under inspection, and then get the direction or ruling talent of the character (disclosed by the shape of the nose); then the force or power of the individual to carry out his dominant taste, shown by the size and width of the nose, and in this combination and classification will be found the key to the entire mental character. The domestic and other traits can be read by reference to those parts of the face where their signs are situated.

Taking the forehead and nose together as guides to the discernment of signs

FIG. 121-BENJAMIN THOMPSON (COUNT RUM-
FORD). (PHYSICIST, REFORMER, PHILANTHRO
PIST.)

Born in Massachusetts, 1753. Conspicuous facial sign, Comparison, shown by width and height of the bridge of the nose and form of the upper and central portion of the forehead. The law of the straight line and square governs this face. The projection of the eyebrows and the receding outline of the forehead disclose a character in which practical Reason is dominant. Whatever abstract plans this man made he was capable of putting into practical use. The size, form, length, and bony nature of this nose announce a man of might; the forehead is equally decisive of energy, of wise plans, and of prompt execution. The signs for Firmness, Conscience, Benevolence, Patriotism, Economy, Sanativeness, Color, Pneumativeness, Force, Caution, Approbation, Friendship, Amativeness, and Self-esteem are well defined and form a strong basis for the intellectual powers. The point of the nose stands high above the plane of the face, thus showing a far-reaching, aspiring, ambitious character; also showing a large degree of Human Nature. Sublimity, Ideality, Mental Imitation, Construction, Acquisition, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are all strong traits. Prescience and Credenciveness are not large. The practical faculties of Observation, Form, Size, Locality, Order, Time, Calculation, and Language are very pronounced; while Memory of Events, Intuition, and practical Reason are

dominant, and altogether show a character worthy of

imitation.

of Reason is an infallible method, but where the forehead is high, broad, and full, and the nose small, the intellect will be of a common order, unless the signs of high quality are present and associated with a pyriform-shaped face.

There are many sophistical reasoners who can run parallels so near the truth as to sometimes deceive even the most logical. Such persons are known by round or full, smooth, shining faces,