apparently no purpose but to assimilate nutriment and grow; these fill out the infant years of the human race. The countenance in infancy is comparatively expressionless, the bony parts of the face and body are cartilaginous and scarcely perceptible owing to the amount of fatty tissue which the constant absorption of liquid food has produced. What will eventually be bone is in an almost gelatinous state; the glands are active and give a large quantity of juices which soften the tissue. The cheeks and chin are round, the nose small and depressed, the mouth large, the cheeks protuberant, the forehead small, narrow, rounding, and bulging at the centre. There is a sleepy look, with little inclination to move. The infant while in this state may be said to be in the vegetative condition, that is to say, it assimilates food, it respires, it secretes, and grows. This is precisely what all vegetable life does, only vegetables never get beyond this stage. They never develop the powers of voluntary will and motion; these require bones and muscles. The entire existence of vegetables is passed in absorbing and growing, and these functions being common alike to plant and animal existence are named vegetative.

If these functions and faculties remain dominant in adult life, then the individual is mainly vegetative, and although in the adult there are bones, muscles, and nerves, and other animal powers, still the individual thus built will be childlike as compared to those who possess more muscle and larger bones with less soft, fatty tissue. The judgment of this class in matters of literature, mathematics, and art will be defective, and the domestic faculties will be found in the ascendant.

The vegetative adult is characterized by large mouth, small, depressed nose, globular cheeks and chin, slow motions, slow pulse, large abdomen, voracious appetite, love of liquid foods, and of sleep and ease, mind free from anxiety or care, and apparent deficiency of capacity for mental effort except in the most limited degree. This class of persons is found generally with the mouth open and the eyes shut, and this is in accord with the principles upon which they are built. The stomach in this sort being more capacious than the intellect, they naturally put themselves in a position to favor their dominant powers. By keeping the eyes closed the individual is able to shut out sights which might cause ideas, and as thought is foreign to his nature and eating the highest enjoyment, he is by this attitude in a condition to favor the peculiarities of his structure.

As it is a law of human nature that we are inclined to use the faculties and functions which are most developed or strongest in us, those with this formation will be inclined to gluttony and to

the diseases which an overcharged system engenders. These are shown by dropsical tendencies, rheumatism, scrofula, gout, tumorous growths, fatty degeneration of the heart, liver, and kidneys, apoplexy, inflammations, and fevers. The character is unambitious, indolent, contented, lacking in integrity and enterprise, selfish in its enjoyments, and only willing to give after being fully satisfied itself. Fortunately for the world, there are in it very few of this class of individuals.

We often meet with men of eminent talent who have a large degree of the vegetative system, but who have inherited with it a fine and large brain system and well-developed bones and muscles. Among this class I may mention Hume and Gibbon, the historians; Dumas, the novelist; Samuel Johnson, the philologist; and Arkwright, the eminent inventor. Robert Ingersoll is also a representative of this combination. These men, by reason of their having such a great store of vitality as the vegetative system yields, were enabled to perform immense mental labor. This formation gives the power and warmth necessary to sustain great mental effort by reason of the juices which the glands secrete and absorb from the large quantity of nutriment taken into the stomach. Food of the liquid sort is especially desired by persons with the vegetative system large.

This system and formation can be made a useful and normal one by using hygienic measures: First, by taking less sleep and on a hard bed, then by restraining the appetite in eating, and especially in drinking, by avoiding carbonaceous foods, such as white flour, sugar, eggs, potatoes, butter, milk, beer, and spirits, drinking water only and sparingly. By thus doing in a short time the excess of fat will disappear, the mind will become clearer, the individual will, by reason of the increased activity of the liver and lungs, grow more active, more unselfish and thoughtful of others. Especially should the society of active, bright people be cultivated, as we all are more influenced by association with others than we are aware of or are willing to allow.

The illustrations Figs. 5 and 6 are perfect types of the vegetative class, with but a small development of the bony or muscular systems. The man is a sort of human polyp or human cabbage; yet such persons can, by a persevering application of hygienic laws, develop a fairly useful organization. The infant illustrates the normal condition of the infant, which is the vegetative.

In the lower animal world we find that the upward progress of the organism was caused mainly by the evolution of a breathing apparatus. The power to inhale air was a great step forward, and the order of the development of animal organs is precisely the

same as that which the human animal observes in his progress to perfected manhood. Ernst Haeckel tells us, in his celebrated work on evolution:

Man, in his embryonic life, passes through all the various stages of progress and development which the lower organisms pass through in their evolution from the merely vegetative existence to the highest degree of sensation attained by animal organisms.*

At his birth he possesses all the functions and faculties which characterize all vegetable and animal organisms, with the addition of a higher grade of intellectual apprehension and with more perfected and sensitive members and faculties. These are arranged in the body in the exact order in which they have evolved from the lower organisms-the vegetative functions occupying the lower portion of the trunk, and the brain, the latest organ to become developed, the highest portion of the body. In the human face the signs indicating these several organs and functions with their accompanying faculties will be found to follow precisely the same plan.

A good proportion of the vegetative system is essential to health, and those who are lacking in the right proportion of it suffer from dyspepsia, nervousness, sleeplessness and consumption. What is required to make a well-balanced individual is equilibrium in the several functions, and this law of equilibrium is universal, controlling and regulating all created things. It is the law which keeps the planets in motion, and holds them true to their orbits.

Some of the finest traits are evolved from the vegetative system; the domestic and social here find their origin. If we wish to lead happy, healthy, and moral lives, we must seek to obtain a fair share of this system, and then keep it in repair by applying hygienic law to its conservation; yet an excess must be avoided, unless we wish to sink to the level of a mere vegetable existence.

The vegetative system will always play an important part in the human economy. It is the base of many fine traits of character as well as being the sustaining power of the organism. The absence of a due admixture of this system produces an impoverished body and a mind devoid of many beautiful and useful traits. Friendship, Approbativeness, Parental Love, and Amativeness are directly related to this system and are all sustained by its development and action.

The signs for the following organ systems are within the chemical or vegetative division: The intestines, the kidneys, the glands, and reproductive system. Their action is chemical mainly and does not involve the action of the muscles or bones, except as

* Evolution of Man, Ernst Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 5

a secondary cause. The faculties derived from the development and functional action of these organs are Conscientiousness, Firmness, Digestion, Bibativeness, Love of Young, Benevolence, Selfesteem, Friendship, Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Approbativeness, Economy, Hospitality, Love of Home and of Country.

The vegetative system shows all the functions and faculties which are dominant in childhood, and the physiognomies of all children, if they are healthy, exhibit a larger development of these signs than of other divisions where the signs of the Mechanical, Artistic, and Mathematical powers are located.

The three grand natural divisions of the face, by the very order of their arrangement and locality, indicate the order of progressive growth and development of the body and mind. First, the vegetative system, which is supreme in childhood; afterward, the mechanical faculties assert their dawning powers just in the ratio that the bones and muscles strengthen; and when children commence to understand the use and management of material substances, they can become expert in light manual labor, both artistic and mechanical. Later in life, the brain becomes more mature and pure abstract reason dominates all the previous developments, and mechanical calculation serves also to assist mental processes.

The faculty of Conscientiousness is located in the chemical or underlying system, proving conclusively that morality commences in the physical basis,-just where it should, to be of the greatest value to the organism. If a cultivated and quickened moral sense were brought to bear upon all the faculties and functions of this division of the human organism, many of the sins and evils affecting the human family would be unknown. A judicious mingling of this system with a suitable proportion of the other system's of the organism creates health and happiness; how to accomplish this result will be shown as we proceed to investigate the science of physiognomy. This system constitutes the chemical division of the body and mind; the faculties set in action by its laws are mainly chemical in their operation.

ARCHITECTURAL DIVISION.

THE THORACIC SYSTEM.

The thoracic system is located in the highest portion of the trunk, and contains the organs of respiration and circulation, the heart and lungs, as well as the liver, which is an active agent in purifying the blood that has been created by the assimilation of nutriment in the intestines and glands. The blood is poured into the heart through the thoracic duct; from the heart it is carried to

the lungs by the pulmonary artery. This system therefore includes the heart, liver, and lungs, together with the several ducts, veins, arteries, and tubes comprised in its action. These physical functions give rise to the following faculties: Pneumativeness, Hope, Analysis, and Color, and exert an influence upon Human Nature, Imitation, and Sublimity.

The Architectural Division has three subdivisions. One is composed of the heart, liver, and lungs; the second, of the muscles, including the stomach, which is a muscular organ; and the third, the osseous or bony system. Each of these organ systems originate a different class of mental efforts.

The outward facial sign for the lungs is, of course, the nostrils, as it is through these organs that we are enabled to respire. The

facial sign for the heart is also the nostrils, as well as bright color of the complexion. The heart and lungs being correlated organs, they mutually condition each other; hence large nostrils are indicative of good heart and lung power. A predominance of the thoracic system is known by large rounding chest, wide nostrils, rather high cheek-bones, full throat, bright eyes, and elastic step, while the abdomen and brain are comparatively small. The greyhound is a fine illustration of this system, also the various deer tribes. This system in its highest manifestation shows that the aëration of the blood is performed on a large scale, inducing buoyancy of spirits, quickness and clearness of apprehension, ambition, hope, and progressive mentality. It causes the individual to be cheerful, happy and pure-minded, owing to the large quantity of oxygen taken into the system and the purifying effect which a large heart, liver, and lungs give to the whole organism.

History abounds in the record of men with large thoracic development and small brains, who have made of life a brilliant success, but it is almost void of those possessed of small lungs and large brains. Pioneers, discoverers, warriors, orators, and aggressive people in thought and action the world over will be found within this class. Where this system is well marked, the individual will be fond of outdoor sports and pursuits, quick at apprehending everything perceived, and as quick to drop it. This