His Zurich) placed physiognomy on a footing of credibility. works are what he named them-"Fragments"-merely, without system and largely impractical. His efforts, like those of his predecessors, have assisted in continuing the belief and interest in the science. Prominent among the German and French observers and writers are the eminent Blumenbach, Spurzheim, Camper, Bichat, Broussais, and De la Sarthe; among the English, Sir Charles Bell and Alexander Walker; and among Americans, James W. Redfield. In 1817, Dr. John Crosse published from the University Press, at Glasgow, a series of lectures on physiognomy which he had delivered, setting forth a system which contains practical knowledge, susceptible of proof and capable of application by any ordinary observer. Prof. Joseph Le Conte, of the University of California, in an able article in the Popular Science Monthly* describing the advance of science, says:— "In all sciences, but especially in the higher and more complex departments, there are three distinct stages of advance. The first consists in the observation, collection, and arrangement of facts-Descriptive Science. The second is the reduction of these to formal laws-Formal Science. Thus far the science is independent of all other sciences. The third is the reference of these laws to the more general laws of a more fundamental science-in the hierarchy as their cause-Causal Science. It is this last change only which necessarily follows the order indicated above. Its effect is always to give great impulse to scientific advance, for then only does it take on the highest scientific form, then only does it become one of the hierarchy of sciences, and receive the aid of all. Thus, to illustrate, Tycho Brahe laboriously gathered and collated a vast number of facts concerning planetary motionsDescriptive Astronomy. Kepler reduced these to the three great and beautiful laws known by his name-Formal Astronomy. But it was reserved for Newton, by means of the theory of gravitation, to explain the Keplerian laws by referring them to the more general and more fundamental laws of mechanics as their cause, and thus he became the founder of physical and causal astronomy. In other words, astronomy was at first a separate science, based on its own facts. Newton connected it with mechanics, and thus made it one of the hierarchy. From that time astronomy advanced with increased rapidity and certainty. Astronomy first rose as a beautiful shaft, unconnected and unsupported, except on its own pedestal. In the meantime, however, another more solid and * Popular Science Monthly, January, 1879, p. 325. central shaft had grown up under the hands of many builders, viz., mechanics. Newton connected the astronomical shaft with the central column of mechanics, and thus formed a more solid basis for a yet higher shaft." This description truthfully and beautifully shows the progress of scientific research. The system which this work presents to the reader has advanced to the third stage of progression. It presents a description of facts in relation to the human physiog nomy and organism which have been observed and collected; it reduces these facts to laws, and, lastly, shows the correspondence of this science to the general and fundamental laws which underlie all matter, viz., those of chemistry, architecture, and mathematics. The sum of all human action is based on these three fundamental principles of Nature, and man's organism illustrates the influence of these laws. I would like to see the facts contained in this work in the hands of all who love their kind, and who desire its elevation by scientific methods. In the years to come I do not doubt that more ample knowledge of physiognomy will be disseminated by greater minds, with better opportunities of observation than have fallen to me. It would seem a very appropriate time for spreading the knowledge of man, now that so much is known of his environment, and while so many hitherto unknown applications of the forces and substances of Nature are coming daily to light which are immediately connected with his welfare. Earnest and religious regard for the advance of mankind to grander heights of purity and nobility of life, added to the belief that nothing short of the knowledge of scientific laws and their application can regenerate the human race, has impelled the writing of these ideas. CHAPTER I. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC PHYSIOGNOMY. "The mind is invisible to those who understand not the body of physiognomy." -WINKLEMAN. I AVATER defines physiognomy to be the "art or science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face, or the art of discovering the predominant temper or other characteristic qualities of the mind by the form of the body, but especially by the external signs of the countenance, or the combination of the features." This definition scientific physiognomy accepts in so far as it relates to the human species, but extends it in a more comprehensive manner so as to include all animate and even inanimate nature. The form of every rock, tree, animal, and object in existence has come by design, and is self-revealing as to its true character. That we fail in many instances to comprehend the meaning of certain forms observed in Nature is due to our lack of acute observation, or want of comparison, or ignorance of the meaning and significance of the basic principles of form,--a science which this system of physiognomy undertakes to unfold and apply to the human and animal face and body, as well as to vegetable and mineral formations. It is logical to infer that form has general laws which are selfrevealing. Without knowledge of these general laws we must forever remain in ignorance of most of Nature's meanings in regard to the myriad things in the universe. Without some principles of form to guide us, character remains a scaled book; but Nature has equipped many if not most of her children with faculties suited to the true interpretation of signs which are thrown out in the most affluent manner by every form in existence. Nature's hieroglyphics are easily deciphered by the keen observer, and the facial signs of every human creature can be understood by those who are willing to study and apply the basic principles of form. In entering upon the study of physiognomy, or mental science, it will be well if we consider befly the methods formerly employed by metaphysicians in the iestigation of the science of mind, and then, as we proceed to ontrast them and their results with the |