sailors exercise this sense until it becomes instinctively and is really a "sixth sense." The muscular sense should be classed with the so-called five senses, and be termed the "sixth sense."

The sense of weight is useful to weavers and spinners. Doubtless this sense is of great importance to the spider, which, in weaving its geometrical web, requires the aid of such a faculty. The muscular system is dominant in the spider family, hence it is that they show so much constructive and artistic ability and produce so many mechanical contrivances, as they do in the hinge-door nests and in the perfect geometrical proportions of the web woven by one species of the Arachnida, which use bits of gravel to steady their webs and construct their nests by different methods to suit different localities, showing that "blind instinct" is not the controlling force in this case, but that reason, geometrical foresight and insight, mechanical, practical, and scientific powers on a large scale are used, and all without a “large brain" to assist their grand architectural efforts. Their sense of calculation, too, must be very great, as witness the precision with which they proportion the distances between the warp of their webs and the accuracy of the spaces which they observe in the weaving of the woof. The weaver, like the spider, must be able to "sense" pressure and weight in the manipulations of his threads, fibres, and weights; a keen sense it must be, too, which enables one to work with such fine materials. The sense of weight, distance, time, momentum. resistance, and height is manifested in a remarkable manner by many animals. Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay cites the following in

stances:

In various ways certain animals show that they can correctly calculate or estimate space or distance, including height. The horse, for instance, in the steeple-chase or hurdle-race calculates hurriedly the height of the fence he is about to leap. The dog does the same when he is invited to jump through a loop for a bit of bread. The lion and other carnivora estimate both height and distance in their contemplated spring upon their prey. Certain fish are called shooting or archer-fish from their precision of aim in bringing down flies on the wing by squirting at them drops of water, the nicest calculation of the intervening space as well as of the size of their prey being involved. They learn by experience to make due allowance for the refraction of light by water, to use their natural weapon, the syringe, in the operation of squirting, and to employ water as an effective kind of shot, missile, or projectile.*

The elephant makes similar use of his trunk as a syringe or hydropult, and of water as a projectile, while it also estimates distance, in the occasional punishment of his human tormentors. Certain animals also form their own estimates of weight, resistance, impetus, or momentum, and size. The elephant must calculate

Mind in the Lower Animals, J. Lauder Lindsay, M.D., p. 461 et seq.

weight or resistance in judging of the degree of strength it must put forth to move a timber-log. The ant probably makes a similar calculation; when meeting with a large, heavy, dead beetle it calls in the aid of its fellows to roll, carry, or push it to its nest. The same animal shows its knowledge of dimension, of length and breadth, of the smallest diameter of an object, in the conveyance of booty or in the dismembering of prey. Horses, mules, and camels measure or estimate the size as well as weight of their loads, so as to judge of the possibility of their passing through forest-openings, gates, or doors, or of their ability to bear them with comfort. Dogs, at least, calculate and make allowance for the rapidity and strength of currents of rivers and tides. Thomas Wood describes a miller's dog that, to save a drowning small one, ran to the side of a certain river till he got well below the drowning dog, then he sprang into the river, and so exactly had he calculated the rapidity of the river and his own speed that he intercepted the little dog and brought it safely to land.

In watching the operations of ants, I have myself seen them proceed to the opening of their nests with a bit of straw several times the length of their bodies, and, finding upon trial that they could not enter with it "head first," they did precisely what a carpenter would do with a plank under similar circumstances, viz., they backed down with it.

Mechanics of all classes use the sense of Weight constantly, and almost unconsciously and automatically at times. Metalworkers learn by experience to estimate by sight the weight of materials in use. Carpenters do the same. Plumbers, after experience, understand the force of a given-sized stream of water, and the makers of mechanical instruments and contrivances soon learn to estimate the force and momentum of the wheels and pulleys which they manufacture. Very complex principles enter into many mechanical machines, which must be comprehended exactly by those who operate them, and those who think that mechanics are common-minded and inferior in intellect underrate them greatly. The man who can construct and operate a complex machine is quite intelligent enough to take a prominent place in government, and for my part I should like to see a government managed by skillful, practical, intelligent mechanics, for I consider the mechanic classes superior in morals and practicality to all others.

We may search through the whole range of the universe, and we shall find that the laws of weight, balance, force, resistance, and momentum are universal in their effects, and are part of the mental construction of all animals in degrees suited to their wants.

We find in the vegetable kingdom, even, that this law obtains, and trees whose spread of branches is great have corresponding spread or depth of root to balance or hold them in position. The giant roots of the Sequoia, or the mighty Banyan, illustrate this principle. The same law holds our little planet true in its orbit; it affects the motions of the tides and winds; in short, it is a universal law and universal in its effects upon every object, animate or inanimate, and upon every particle and atom of matter. "All is contained in the least."

The pressure of the atmosphere upon our bodies and our power of resisting its weight are manifestations of a universal law of weight and resistance, and thus, look where we may throughout Nature's broad domain, this principle is ever at work.

LANGUAGE.

Definition. The capacity for using language in a precise, suitable, fluent, or eloquent manner; the talent for acquiring, speaking, and writing foreign languages, dialects, words, phrases, idioms, etc.; ability to construct, translate, and learn the grammar of languages.

An excess makes one voluble, wordy, verbose, and causes one to chatter, prattle, gabble, babble, gossip, tattle, etc.

A deficiency is shown by marked reticence, by difficulty in expressing the thoughts in suitable language.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-Large, full, bright, convex eyes; fullness under the eyes; rounding out of the head above the tem ples; full lips, full cheeks, full throat; wide mouth and chest: large nostrils; high and broad nose; wide nostrils, and length from the point of the nose to the tip of the chin, with vertical, lateral, and perpendicular width of the concha of the external ear; rounding head, jaws, body, and limbs; small joints, and fingers inclining to taper.

Lack of linguistic ability is known by small, receding eyes, and angular, spare, bony body, with very slight muscular development, small mouth, thin lips, and hollow checks; small nose and nostrils, flat chest, and undeveloped ears.

DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE.-The eve is the feature which discloses the amount of muscle in the entire organism. It is hence the facial indication of the power for motion, and the muscles are the principal agents of the motive mechanism. Now, language is produced by the motions of the vocal cords, tongue, lips, and ear. I do not by this statement mean to imply that the ear as a whole moves, but certainly sound is a mode of motion, and the vibrations of the atmosphere which convey sound to the ear are motions of

the atmosphere, and describe wave-like or curved forms as they pass through the air to the ear, and are received by a curved apparatus within the skull; and there, acting upon muscles, bones, and fluids of the ear, affect the nervous mechanism of the auditory nerves and impart little tremors or vibrations to the nerve which connects the auditory nerves with the brain, "and there," as Professor Tyndall remarks, "announce themselves as sounds." Thus it is shown that language, as well as light and color, is only a mode of motion. Indeed, we may set it down as a universal law that motion is the basis of all things in Nature. This is proven when we come to analyze their methods of action by tracing them to their origin. Not only is it true that language is dependent upon the motions of the speaking and auditory apparatus for its power of expression, but all modes of communication known to man are by motions or movements.

The sign-language of the deaf-mute, the gestures of barbarous people when they meet and do not understand each other's language, the gestures, poses, and attitudes of the actor and orator, the movements of the hands in writing, all depend upon motions which are visible to the naked eye; but what shall I say of the countless motions within the body that are essential to the results which we find in spoken or written language? The rhythmic and periodic movements of the heart (a great muscular organ, related to time by its periodic movements); the microscopic movements within the corpuscles of the blood; the double and triple circulation of the blood itself as it comes through the several organs, veins, arteries, glands, and tubes; the minute dynamic forces of the nervous mechanism involved in all the motions of the subtle processes of the molecular forces in cellular construction, all tell us in a language most unmistakable that motion is the basis of all life, and that it is essentially so of the forces which produce language,―written, spoken, or symbolized.

The periodic movements of the heart produce natural pauses which are regular and rhythmic in their action. The consensus between the action of the heart and lungs and their movements in inspiration and expiration prove that the pauses in language are regulated in their action by motions of infinitesimal minuteness, as well as by those which are visible.

I have introduced this little description of the source of language in order that my readers may be quite certain that it is the muscular development of the eye which reveals the linguistic capacity of the individual,-that it is not an "organ" of the brain pushing out the eyeball, but that the faculty of language is greatest where the muscular system is best developed and most capable of

rapid, continuous, and automatic motions of the entire muscular apparatus. This peculiar property of the muscular system will be noted when we arrive at the discussion of Music.

The mouth is the most mobile and flexible of all the facial features. The muscles of the eye, the larynx, and vocal cords are the most flexible portions of mechanism within the body, and are susceptible of high cultivation and of automatic action; hence, the entire speaking apparatus is eminently adapted to the expression

of the emotions, for, as I have shown, the motions are created and exhibited by the action of the softer tissues of the body; the elasticity and resonance of the muscular system is therefore well suited to the expression of the feelings, both by the use of the voice, pen, gestures, and signs. Thought can be exercised by the motions or vibrations of the cerebral structure alone, but its erpression in any manner or form must be by motions of the muscles, as in speaking, writing, signaling, or acting by pantomime, etc. The certainty of the connection between the size of the muscles of the eyeball and the general develop ment of the entire muscu lar system, and its relations to the motions essential to the production of tone. vocal sound, and language once established in the mind of the student, he has a firm and sure foundation upon which to continue his investigation into the several kinds and degrees of the expression of Language, as exhibited by different individuals and different races.

FIG. 103.-MADAME ANNE GERMAINE DE STAËL. (EMINENT FRENCH AUTHORESS.)

Born in Paris, 1766. Principal facial sign, Language, shown by size and form of the mouth, lips, and eyes. The law of the straight line and curve governs this face. The presence of the curve in every feature discloses the artistic capacities of this mind. She was an artist with her pen. The s gns for all the domestic and social virtues are well defined. Patriotism, Benevolence, Mirthfulness, Love of Home, Love of Young, Amativeness, Approbativeness, Sanativeness, Color, Modesty, and Self-esteem are prominent. In the nose, which is straight, the signs for literary ability are apparent. Ideality, Sublimity, Analysis, Constructiveness, Mental Imitation, Veneration, and Self-will are very pronounced. Form, Size, Language, Calculation, Locality, Memory of Events, and Intuition, together with high quality, made a fine character. Napoleon feared her truthful pen and voice more than he did a foreign army. He found one French woman whom he could neither crush nor silence. Her works are numerous and characterized by brilliancy, power, and beauty.

What we term the "faculty of Language" is really a combi nation of several faculties. Vocality, or the ability to speak as simply as the babbling infant, is the most elementary form of human expression, but the capacity to express words intelligibly