prodigious verbal memory. It is said that he could repeat two thousand words in the order in which they were spoken. Madame de Staël, authoress and brilliant conversationist, had a very retentive memory and was a good reasoner. Sir William Hooker, celebrated botanist of England, possessed a remarkable memory for form, color, and words; was made director of the Royal Gardens at Kew. He was a writer on botany. His talent in this line was transmitted to his son, Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker, who succeeded him in the directorship of the Royal Gardens. He inherited talents from his mother's family as well as from his father. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz, mathematician and metaphysician, could repeat in his old age the whole of Virgil. James Watt, the inventor, had a memory of mastodon proportions, and was a clear and logical reasoner. Watt possessed not only a great memory of events, but one equally good of form and motion (the muscular sense) and of mechanical principles. Most of the persons named above possessed good constitutions, and by keeping up their powers by suitable nutriment were able to sustain great mental labors and maintain a great store of ideas upon which to draw at their pleasure. The habit of close scrutiny is a great assistance to general memory, for by looking attentively and intelligently—that is to say, thoughtfully—at any scene or object, it is photographed, so to speak, and becomes a part of the mental furnishing of the mind. Careless lookers do not memorize objects as do the thoughtful. One who prac tices upon a musical instrument mechanically, without fixing his attention earnestly upon it, fails to receive as much benefit from his exercise as he would were his entire attention centred upon it. The power for abstraction is an excellent thing to possess. It inheres in the muscular system, and is a great adjunct to memory of several kinds. It is said that Horace Greeley could sit down amid the din and noise of the Loyal League Club, of New York, and write off his leaders perfectly unmoved by the uproar about him. This gift of concentrativeness, like memory, can be cultivated; yet, as it is a muscular gift, the muscular system must be cultivated in order to strengthen it. The faculty of Self-will assists one very greatly in the act of abstraction. Memory of Events is subject to many disorders, and some have lost this gift almost entirely by overtaxing it. The system of "cramming" in our public schools, and for examinations in all institutes of learning, induces a sort of mental dyspepsia, the result of which is in many cases to permanently impair the memory of events and otherwise weaken the mental processes. The historic evolution of Memory shows us that its course of development commences with the function of digestion, viz., by the use of the sense of scent and taste. The Memory next brought into existence is connected with other sense-organs, viz., the sense of sight, of sound, of touch, and of temperature and pressure. The muscular sense comes into use a little later, at about the third month, when the child commences grasping, and thus the muscular sense involved in the adjustment of the muscles leads to acts which soon become purposive and intelligent, involving the exercise of the faculty of Self-will. It is after these faculties have all been exhibited and the foundation of these memories laid that the higher intellectual faculties, such as speech and conscious thought, are developed by the progressive evolution of the human powers. The memory develops in precisely the order in which the faculties make their appearance, and, as the visceral structures lie at the foundation of our domestic sentiments, our loves and appetites possess the most lasting and abiding memories, and only fail when the organs from which they derive their power become disintegrated by disease or old age. The sense-organs (after these faculties) exhibit the next most permanent memories,-the memory for size, form, and color, for sound, motion, and language, remain fixed in the mind in their numerous manifestations long after the higher powers of the intellect have been lost or become enfeebled, viz., the power for abstract reason and generalization. In disease and old age the inverse order is observed in the weakening of these traits and their associate memories. There are not only great personal differences in regard to the Memory of Events, but there are also great national differences. The ancient Greeks doubtless possessed the best verbal memories of any nation, ancient or modern. Their muscular development assisted this, and the proofs of both these circumstances is further supplemented by their great oratorical, dramatic, and artistic skill. They depended greatly upon memorizing what they heard, and thus strengthened their verbal memories by not resorting to written or printed copies of that which they wished to memorize. As sculptors they have never been excelled, and here the memory and faculty of Form, assisted by the universal symmetry which characterized them as a race, contributed to this result. The Continental Europeans, particularly the Celtic races among them, excel as linguists, for in them the muscular is one of the dominant systems, and hence verbal memory is regnant. The memory of color is also very general among them. Particularly is this true of the Italians and French, while among the Germans, who have relatively less color than the former, the color-sense and color-memory are relatively inferior. This is also true of the Britains and the Scandinavian races. They are fairer and possess less capacity and taste in the arrangement of colors, tints, hues, and shades than the darker-hued races. The Americans, being a mixture of all races and possessing considerable delicacy of the color-sense, exhibit generally a good degree of taste in colors, as well as a good memory of tints, hues, and shades. Thus we see that the several and numerous departments of Memory can be traced in a national, racial, and personal manner, and compared and verified. In animals may be observed as many kinds of memory as are exhibited in man. They prove by their actions that their love for and memories of color, form, locality, and individuals is as strong as that in the human race. They are able by the sense of touch (as among the insect tribes, such as ants, wasps, bees, etc.) to distinguish one another, and to communicate their designs and desires. Of course, these acts build up a memory related to them. The memory of the walk, voice, gesture, and faces of their own and of the human race, has been attested by mountains of evidence. Memory of numbers is well defined in some birds and other animals. In fact, it goes without saying that they have memory of all sorts, for they possess precisely the same physiological and anatomical bases as human beings, through which to create and store their experiences, which later become memories. In the memory of faces several faculties are involved, as, for example, Form, Size, and Color, for a human face is a complex combination of many appearances; but the more expressive it is, the stronger will be the impression made upon the mind of the observer. The presence or absence of color in the human being affects very greatly not only memory of colors, but it bears directly upon the memory of all the sense-organs, as, for example, sight, hearing, taste, and scent, as is well-known in Albinos, the absence of color enfeebling all their senses. But we may go further in tracing the relation of color to the higher intelligences, and can safely assert that a condition of permanent pallor indicates enfeebled powers of Memory of Events, as well as of other departments of Mind and Memory. Color denotes activity and power, and one who can by a course of hygienic living tone up a pallid complexion to that degree that it will exhibit a fair share of natural color will improve all his faculties in just that degree. The pleasures of Memory form one of the most satisfying and permanent methods of enjoyment and personal improvement. The power to recall beautiful scenes, objects of art, and fine colors, as exhibited in art and Nature, the noble expressions of living countenances and portraits, as well as the grand thoughts of the master minds of literature, all alike assist in forming a mental storehouse of incalculable value. Nature in her munificence has furnished us with every apparatus for the purpose of recalling pleasurable sights and emotions, but in her kindness has left us destitute of any apparatus by which we can remember and reproduce pain and suffering once experienced. We may be able to recall the fact that we have suffered, but we cannot recall and live over again the agony and actual suffering caused by sickness and sorrow. This is a beautiful example of beneficence unparalleled in Nature's works. Let us, then, store our memories with beautiful sights, sounds, forms, colors, and experiences, in order to draw at will upon this reservoir. We should in early childhood memorize fine poems and sentiments in order to be able in adult life to draw them forth for instant use. Many adults are unable to readily commit to memory the beautiful poems, speeches, and sentiments which would often prove of infinite service to them, but, owing to the multiplicity of thoughts and affairs which fill their minds, they cannot memorize readily. Parents should cause their children to memorize and store up forms, colors, harmonies, melodies, and sentiments, in order to have a large accumulation of useful material for use in after life. "Lull'd in the countless chambers of the brain, Our thoughts are link'd by many a hidden chain LOCALITY. Definition. Capacity for recollecting localities, positions, directions, places once visited, and the relative positions of objects to each other. Locality gives a desire for traveling, and is the base of the talent for navigation and geographical research, map-making, etc. It is a dominant faculty in surgeons, anatomists, scientists, naturalists, and physiognomists, and is essential to all the trades and professions. An excess might cause one to become a confirmed rambler, but otherwise could not be harmful. A deficiency is a serious defect in any character, as it lessens one's power for practical work, and makes one dependent on others for finding articles and localities. Characters thus deficient spend a great deal of time, not only in searching out localities, but fail to remember where they have placed articles, such as tools, garments, etc. Facial and Bodily Signs.-The most prominent facial signs of Locality are found just above the sign for Weight and below the sign for Memory of Events. Locality is known by a fullness of the muscles at this point, is surrounded by other muscular signs, and is in close proximity to the eye, its chief assistant in localizing places and things by sight, the eye being also a muscular feature. This sign is not very large until adult life, because the faculty is not developed until the individual has used the eyes in closely scrutinizing positions, localities, and objects; in other words, not until after the muscles of locomotion and of sight have been called into continuous action, and after years of drawing for FIG. 99.-CAPTAIN JAMES COOK. (MARINE SUR- Born in England, 1728. Principal facial sign, Locality. The law of the straight line, curve, and square governs this face. Conscientiousness, Firmness, Patriotism, Love of Home, Alimentiveness, Mirthfulness, Benevolence, Economy, Love of Young, Amativeness, Force, and Modesty are strongly represented in the lower part of the face. The nose is large, long, high, broad on the back the entire length, and shows the signs for Sublimity, Mental Imitation, Ideality, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will well defined. The signs about the root of the nose are worthy attention. Observation, Locality, Weight, Form, Size, Language (both in the eyes and mouth), Time, Order, and Calculation are very remarkably developed. Reason is large, while Credenciveness is not at all apparent. The look of earnest attention shows that this character relied ward the muscles termed corrugator supercilii to assist the vision in scanning objects. The muscles forming this sign become enlarged by use, and sometimes develop a size as large as a kernel or a wen. A long, thin, and high nose is still another facial characteristic of Locality, for the body must harmonize with the face, and where the limbs are long and active the nose will be found to harmonize in shape. Long-limbed people are much inclined to walk and visit strange localities -are natural travelers. Long-nosed animals are better travelers than short-nosed ones, as witness the speed of the deer tribes, Arabian horse, giraffe, chamois, antelope, and upon Observation mainly for his knowledge of facts. greyhound, compared with His peculiar combination of the practical faculties, among which the faculty of Locality is pre-eminent, enabled him to make many great discoveries in geographical knowledge. the short-nosed sheep, llama, koäla, or Australian bear. In giving local signs it must be understood that the faculty and power are general and diffused through that system to which the local facial sign indicates it as belonging, as, for example, Weight and Locality inhere in the muscular system, and show themselves in the face by muscular development, while Form and Size depend upon the osseous system, and are exhibited by bone development. |