the eyeballs only, but of the muscles generally—that men who declare themselves deficient in the power of seeing mental pictures can, nevertheless, give life-like descriptions of what they have seen, and can otherwise express themselves as if they were gifted with a vivid visual imagination. They can also become painters of the rank of Royal Academicians. * When I read thoughts such as the above, which come so closely to scientific analysis of character and then just miss it through lack of the knowledge of scientific physiognomy, I grieve that the writer has not that light by which to elucidate more clearly the differences existing between the two classes of persons of which he is writing. His first paragraph relates to mechanical men,-men with square, bony frames, who are practical, and seldom develop into abstract thinkers; never, certainly, to any great extent; hence, they dwell largely all their lives in the region of the practical, and visualize the forms of objects, and deal with them professionally, as in the mechanic arts; while the class alluded to in the second paragraph are muscular, round men, who imagine forms instead of remembering those once seen, and these last really do use the muscular sense in order to reproduce their images mentally, and can become painters of high degree; and, as they are gifted in imagination chiefly by reason of the dominance of the muscular system, so they are able by voice and brush to reproduce vocally and on canvas the forms which they, by means of a vivid imagination, see before them. This class of persons idealize forms, whereas the mechanical class reproduce with exactness the forms and shapes which they have really beheld. When gifted metaphysicians, like Mr. Galton, come to understand the principles of scientific physiognomy, they will be able to aid the advancement of science in a wonderful manner. Many gifted writers show by their writings that they are grand physiognomists, only wanting the knowledge of the laws and principles of physiognomy to enable them to draw the external features and peculiarities of their characters in accordance with the mental analysis which they make of them. George Eliot, Dickens, Taine, and Thackeray are all intuitive, so also was Shakespeare, and came very near to being scientific expounders of character. The faculty of Size is pre-eminent in all of them, and to it they are largely indebted for their skillful delineations of their characters, as well as for the plan of their books. OBSERVATION. Definition."The act or power of observing or taking notice; the act of seeing or of fixing the mind upon anything; capacity for close attention; adherence in practice." (Webster.) * Ibid., p. 88. The love and capacity for examining objects which attract the attention, such as natural phenomena, machinery, pictures, books, plays, spectacles, etc. It is the faculty which creates a desire for looking at what transpires about us, and is the basis of all material knowledge. Mechanicians, travelers, artists, linguists, and scientists, etc., depend greatly upon its development for their knowledge. FIG. 95.-MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO. (ORATOR, STATESMAN, AND JURIST.) Born in Arpinum, 106 B.C. Conspicuous facial sign, Observation, shown by development of the muscles of the inner terminus of the eyebrows, caused by approximating them while engaged in closely scrutinizing objects. The law of the curve governs this face. The size of the features and their proportions announce an ambitious and able mind. In the chin are seen the signs for Firmness, Patriotism, Benevolence, and Love of Home well defined. Alimentiveness and Bibative An excess of Observation can scarcely be harmful, yet if one allows Observation to end in looking merely, without reflecting or acting upon knowl edge thus gained, excessive Observation would be detrimental. To remedy such want of balance, the facts already observed should be put to some useful purpose before searching for other facts or phenomena. Its deficiency may be remedied by patient inves tigation of all sorts of objects, by prolonged scrutiny, and an endeavor to fiz the attention and thought upon the form, size, color, ness are less than average. In the upper lip Amative: quality, and proportions of The ness, Love of Young, and Mirthfulness are apparent; objects, and to note carefully the particulars and details of objects and occur rences coming under one's observation. Facial and Bodily Signs.-The most conspicuous facial sign of the faculty of Observation is situated in the middle of the lower part of the forehead, between the inner terminus of the eyebrows and above the root of the nose; when large, filling out the muscles at this part and causing the eyebrows to draw down in order to facilitate more accurate vision. DESCRIPTION OF OBSERVATION.-The location of the facial sign for Observation is one proof of its muscular origin. Another proof is had in the fact that all observation is made with the eye, which is the facial representative of the muscular system. That this faculty is represented in the brain, as well as all other parts of the muscular system, is undoubted, but the idea that brainmatter causes the protuberance seen in adults after long and protracted scrutiny of objects is not tenable. In childhood the muscles of the face at this place are not greatly developed, but, on the contrary, they are scarcely noticeable. They become perceptible only after years of close observation of the things observed. Children, it is true, look and gaze with curious eyes upon all that attracts their attention, but they reflect very little, if 66 any, in early life upon observations thus made. And many go through life looking, without any very deep impression being made upon the mind by objects observed and scenes visited. The mere fact of being able to look at an object does not involve knowledge of the object perceived. The eye sees what it brings the power to see," and if one has not the capacity for fixed and patient attention he fails to take in the full meaning and import of what he beholds. Because children look and ask a multitude of questions about what they see is no proof that they observe in the highest meaning of the term. Their minds are comparatively empty, and they look and question for entertainment mainly, and not always for the purpose of acquiring knowledge; hence, the facial record of Observation does not appear very large until after the habit of accurate and thoughtful observation has been formed. FIG. 96.-BAYARD TAYLOR. (PRINTER, EDITOR, Born in Pennsylvania, 1825. Principal facial sign, Observation, shown by development of the muscle adjoining the sign for Locality. The law of the curve and sphere governs this physiognomy. The parts of the face nearest the eyes reveal large Observation and Locality; the results of these powers have been given to the world in many able books of travel by this gifted writer. The domestic nature is fully developed. The luxuriance of the intellect assures us that it must have a rich basis upon which to build so elegant a superstructure. In the nose, which is aquiline, are all the signs of literary power. Hope, Analysis, Human Nature, Sublimity, Ideality, Acquisitiveness, and Constructiveness are conspicuous. Veneration and Executiveness are very marked, while Self-will is manifest. Credenciveness and Prescience are only average. Locality, Observation, Weight, Order, Language, Music, and Time are well defined. Memory of Events, Reason, and Intuition are uncommonly large. A great deal of mental force is apparent in the outline of the nose, and this gave power and emphasis to all his efforts. Color was exceedingly well developed, and was the basis of order and enthusiasm, and permeated his descriptions, which were glowing, vivid, and life like. Persons with excessive Credenciveness never develop this sign, and the portion of the space between the inner terminus of the eyebrows and the eye is wide and comparatively flat, as seen in the Chinese and other superstitious races and in all superstitious persons. In these cases it is Credenciveness vs. Observation, or belief without evidence. Many of the signs of character which cluster about the eyes are mainly representative of the muscular system, and these signs are caused by protracted use of the eyes and other parts of the muscular system, as, for example, in the use of the sense of Weight, as in balancing, by sailors and acrobats; in wielding the hammer, as by blacksmiths, sculptors, mechanicians, dentists, etc. The use of the muscles in these directions, in combination with the eyes which guide these several acts, causes the muscles of the face, denominated the pyramidalis nasi and corrugator supercilii, to enlarge, and in adult life they sometimes appear like a small wen. This sign is noticed only in the faces of the most continuously observant and practical persons. It is large in the physiognomies of Arago, Buffon, Michael Angelo, Fulton, Charles Darwin, James Watt, Professor Morse, George Stephenson, Elihu Burritt, John and Joseph Le Conte, Professor Tyndall, Professor Kirchoff, Boerhaave, Joseph Black, and the Herschels. In all these In all these persons the eyebrows will be found drawn down close to the eyeball; and in those in whom the bony system predominates additional assistance is rendered in the way of accurate vision by the projection of the bony superciliary ridge. The base of the faculty of Observation may be safely ascribed to the muscular system, assisted by the optic nerves. The peculi arities of structure in the two diverse classes of persons, the ob serving and the non-observing, will confirm this statement. Cre dencive people are great lookers, but it does not follow that they observe; that is to say, they do not observe closely, keenly, and accurately, for the reason that they are not built upon an observing plan; their eyes are too large, too wide-open for instant and accurate sight, and they have no bony superciliary ridge to shut off the superfluous rays, and thus enable them to instantly focus their vision and concentrate all their visual and mental observation upon one minute or infinitesimal atom. Hence it is that the one who is able to focus his vision instantly is capable of more practical work in the mechanic arts and in many branches of science than those whose eyes are too large and not shaded by a projecting bony brow. The uses of Observation are as many as there are things to observe. It is adapted to the recognition of the divisibility of matter, substance, and space; to the peculiarities of form and number; to mechanics, mathematics, and geometry. In short, it is a basic faculty upon which many other faculties depend for assistance to carry forward their peculiar operations. Observation gives the capacity to comprehend everything in Nature as a separate and distinct entity, and is required in literature as well as in the mechanic arts. Navigators and discoverers find it most useful, as it enables them to retain an accurate memory of the forms, colors, and related positions of scenes visited and countries explored. It is useful to the linguist, and aids him in the acquirement of language, by enabling the student to comprehend the separate and individual parts of speech, as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and interjections, and shows him the relationship they bear to each other in combination. A man who possesses large Observation never loses a moment's time, for, place him where you will he employs himself with storing his mind with whatever surrounds him, and when needed he extracts from the photographic studio in his mind the forms, colors, relations, and positions of all the objects which he has laid away for use. This looking faculty is a fine one for a traveler to possess. A real good looker will bring back from a short excursion more accurate information than a mere gazer will gather while making the "grand tour." Children should not only be encouraged to look at all that attracts their attention, but should be trained to describe what they have seen, thus assisting and testing the accuracy of their observations. Their questions should be answered with reason and truth, and, unless they talk for the sake of listening to their own voices, should not be suppressed, except in cases where they are making themselves conspicuous at the expense of politeness and the comfort of those present. Historians need to be good observers of what transpires in government and the affairs of the. nation, as well as lovers of truthful statement, and observation of this sort should characterize all who undertake to treat of such matters for the edification of posterity by writing records. The difference between the historical writings of Voltaire and those of John William Draper, for example, illustrates and corroborates the principles of scientific physiognomy, as exhibited by their physiognomies. Voltaire's face shows a lack of keen and accurate observation, but sparkles with wit and imagination. His historical works reflect all the beauties. of his face in youth; they are brilliant and entertaining, but inaccurate; while Draper's histories and his other works are like his face-truthful, orderly, solid, accurate, and highly interesting, as any one will admit who has read his "History of the United States, "The Intellectual Development of Europe," or the "Conflict |