form, and the physiognomist can describe the physical functions and mental faculties which belong to it, and which are always associated with it. I designate the muscular system the "artistic" system, in contradistinction to the "mechanical" system, which is best exhibited where the bones are slightly in excess of the muscles. The fact is, that art and mechanism are both influenced by some of the same laws and principles, but artistic construction depends mainly upon the flexibility of muscle and the curves produced by muscular movement, together with the sort of pressure or touch imparted by its action. The touch of the fingers of the finely-organized muscular person upon the keys of the piano, upon the bow of the violin, or upon other stringed or wind instruments, is far more mellow, rich, melting, and harmonious than that produced by the large, square-boned fingers of the mechanic or scientist. The voices of these two classes exhibit just the same differences; the more muscle, the more mellifluous, sweet, and soothing the voice, and if to this is added a good degree of the vegetative system, as seen in the portraits of Parepa Rosa, for example, the voice will give forth a quality of sympathy most touching. The peculiarity of the curving nature of muscle is also influential in the rhythmic lines of the poet and the waves of sound produced by the voice in oratory and singing; also in the motions caused by the gestures of the actors. Moreover, many artists work with tools and machinery of a circular form, and depend upon mechanism of this conformation to produce like effects in external works. Now, the mechanic, having the bones slightly in excess of the muscles, presents a more angular appearance, and externally produces work which is characterized by angles, as exhibited in house, furniture, buildings, and all mechanical objects presenting plane surfaces, angles, and cuboid forms. It is true that the mechanical principles inherent in the human organism are connected mainly with the muscular and osseous systems; yet a preponderance of muscle over bone makes a man an artist, while different proportions of these two systems giving supremacy to the bone create mechanical ability. the The constructiveness which accompanies an excess of muscle gives capacity for setting up and running machinery, talent for playing and comprehending the mechanism of the piano, violin, harp, organ, etc; also, for becoming expert and dexterous in the use of the sewing-machine or other running machinery. Where there is a good brain development in combination with the muscular system, the mechanical principles will show in the construction of ingenious and complicated stories, characterized by skill in the plot, as witnessed in the fictions of Shakespeare, Dickens, and Wilkie Collins, and in the plays of Tom Taylor and Dion Boucicault. Thus these brain-and-muscle men are artists with the pen. This class of minds comprehend mental constructiveness, and practice it externally by ingenious writings. Henry Ward Beecher and other good orators and divines of the artistic build show the dominance of this system by the fine literary construction of their speeches and sermons. A slight difference in the proportions of these two systems, and a slight difference of degree in the brain development, gives us an organ-player like the celebrated Bowman, of Boston, or a composer like Handel, while other differences of degree produce a Stephenson, a Watt, a Fulton, or an Edison. These differences are easily understood by the observing physiognomist, and each individual is assigned his own proper place in art or mechanism upon a close scrutiny of the face, form, hand, etc; for I hold that the hand is a mental feature, and must be examined in order to give the most complete reading of character. The human hand and the human nose are more purely mental than animal features, for the reason that no animal has either a hand or nose at all comparable to the human hand and nose. They are both found in a state of greatest perfection with the most perfected persons and races, hence entirely distinct from those of the savage, idiot, infant, and undeveloped people generally. The hand performs the nicest and most skillful work that the mind can invent, and without the deft, flexible, and perfect hand the fine mechanical and artistic plans of the most ingenious mind would end in abstractions, and man would be entirely unable, except by speech, to prove his superiority to the brute creation. When the faculties of Size and Form are treated in the pages which follow, the subject of mechanical principles in their relation to inherited forms will be explained. Although Form is the basis of art as well as of mechanism, it is differently used, and different in its applications in each case, as has been shown. The combination of Constructiveness with Language and Imagination gives poetic talent; with large Language, Love of Young, Ideality, Form and Size, Self-esteem, Firmness, Sublimity, Locality, and Calculation, will give constructive talent on a large scale, such as engineering, building fortifications, bridges, aque ducts, etc. The face of John A. Roebling, engineer and builder of the Brooklyn bridge, New York, is an excellent illustration of this combination of artistic-mechanical talent. I term the group about the point of the nose the "artistic, using it in its broadest and most comprehensive sense, including in this division the signs for Literature, Art, Artistic Mechanism, and some of the faculties used in the artistic department of Science, as in Analysis and Mental Imitation, Constructiveness, etc. VENERATION. Definition.-Respect for all persons, places, and principles entitled to respect; regard for the laws of Nature; submission; religiously cultivated, it leads to devotion to God, to prayer, praise, and religious observances; when combined with literary faculties it creates a taste and respect for ancient history and antiquities; it gives a tender regard for the aged and deference to long-established customs, forms of government, etc.; those with large Veneration readily submit to law, order, customs, proprieties, and offer reverent and respectful deference to the wishes and opinions of others; it assists self-control, and forms the basis of the taste for collecting old coins, ancient literary and art relics, and imparts a desire for visiting monuments, pyramids, ancient lands, and races. An excess leads to religious bigotry and fanaticism and immoderate indulgence in religious rites, such as fasting and penance, and tends to morbid devotion and religious mania. A deficiency makes one impudent, irreverent, disrespectful, and defiant; creates contempt for law, custom, propriety, and old age, with slight power for self-control and inability to control others; makes the bully and creates low character, and leads to disregard of sacred subjects. Facial and Bodily Signs.-Height of the nasal bones at the part just below the bridge is the most decided sign for Veneration. Width combined with height discloses the possession of the highest degree of Veneration. High, thin noses show less of Veneration than those that are broad as well as high. Secondary signs are found wherever the bony system is dominant, as shown in the squareness of the face, the bones of the fingers, and large joints generally. Veneration is exhibited by respectful demeanor and deferential manner in the presence of elders or officials. It bows the head in sacred edifices and in listening to excellent dis course. A short, round, muscular nose, depressed at the centre and slightly "pugged," is the perfect type of an impudent, saucy, and disrespectful character. Large, projecting, staring, convex eyes show the absence of Veneration. DESCRIPTION OF VENERATION.-In proceeding to the consideration of the group of signs which cluster about the ridge of the upper part of the nose, we find that a great advance in strength of character is made where this portion of the physiognomy is well developed. The principal sign for Veneration is caused by the development of the nasal bones. Its location, being between the executive faculties and the æsthetic and literary, is most suggestive. The philosophy of its action offers additional proof of its osseous origin. Add to this the vast amount of evidence derived from the comparison of low-nosed people with those having this sign large, and we shall complete a very extended chain of evidence, most conclusive and utterly incontrovertible by metaphysician or phrenologian. Where the bony system dominates the bones are inclined to be long and often square, the joints large, and the head will present a more angular appearance than where the muscular system prevails. The head will also stand high above the ears, at the place where phrenology locates the "organ of Veneration." This height is caused by the supremacy of the osseous system, which tends to height, length, and squareness, and not to roundness. Veneration is the attribute of mechanical and scientific characters rather than of the artistic classes; hence, the head in these classes is higher in propor tion to its size and more angular in form, while the nasal bones are more prominent and the muscles of the nose smaller relatively, -all of which goes to prove that the supremacy of the bony system produces the most Veneration. An examination of those animals in which are found the most submissive, deferential, and respectful traits of character shows that the osseous system is in the ascendency, and proves that the bony races of animals are more submissive to law and more respectful than those in which the muscular system prevails. Compare, for example, the horse, the dog, and the camel, with their angular, homely, bony, mechanical construction of form, with the sleek, little muscular ape, or with FIG. 81.-RT. REV. BENJAMIN MOORE, D.D. (AU- Born in New York, 1748. Conspicuous facial sign, Veneration. The law of the straight line and square governs this face. The signs of the domestic and moral traits are very pronounced. Conscientiousness, Firmness, Patriotism, Benevolence, Love of Home, Love of Young, Self-esteem, and Modesty are large, Amativeness and Friendship normal, while the mental and executive powers are uncommonly developed in the nose. Mental Imitation, Analysis, Hope, Sublimity, Constructiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are all very conspicuous. Form, Size, Language, Memory of Events, and Credenciveness are most apparent. Altogether a pure and high-minded and intellectual character. the larger tiger, panther, and lion, and you will be able to prove the presence of a large degree of Veneration in the former and none whatever in the latter. In one class there is beauty of form and movement, with irreverence, defiance, and disrespect, and in the other less beauty, according to recognized ideals, but more respect and submission; hence more capacity for instruction and progress, both in knowledge and structure, as witness the high grade of skill, speed, and intellectual attainments manifested by race-horses, hunting and trick dogs, trained camels, and elephants. The noses of the bony ani mals are relatively long and high as compared to the noses of the muscular creatures. Compare, for example, the noses of all the carnivorous classes, including the panther, the tiger, the jaguar, the leopard, and the smaller carnivora, with the horse, the dog, the camel, the deer, the gazelle, the springbok, the sheep, and the reindeer, and it will be observed that the noses of the former are relatively shorter and more depressed than those of the latter. The eyes, too, of the carnivora are larger, more prominent, bolder, and more defiant in expression than those of the domestic and herbivorous classes. Veneration in the animal kingdom is shown by recognition of man as a FIG. 82.-THOMAS PAINE. (MECHANIC, AUTHOR, superior being, in teachableness and submission to man's laws, rules, and habits; also, by consideration and respect for the nature and rights of their own class of beings. In analyzing the location and nature of Veneration in the human character we cannot fail to be impressed with its position in the physiognomy, and this will lead us to examine with interest its philosophy and use in the human economy. The faculty of Veneration belongs to the most perfected races, as its principal |