higher traits than they possess; for a man who expends large sums must have taste and judgment in art, science, or literature, or he must possess social and domestic faculties on a large scale, and thus love to put out money in these directions. The character of these petty savers is lacking either in the mental or emotional department; hence, they evince but little desire for sociality, domestic comforts, or the refinements of art, etc., and they are thus able to add half-pence to pence, and dispense with the comforts of life without a pang; the latter sort are most aptly described by Mr. J. Stanley Grimes, who speaks of them as follows:

In some extreme cases of voluntary littleness the character is strongly marked in the personal appearance. Alimentiveness is made to suffer; the lean, gaunt body is contracted with threadbare garments which are too small in all directions; the shriveled features sharpened to a point; the upper lip drawn toward the nose exposes the incisor teeth; the fingers crooked to resemble claws; the body bent forward, and the whole figure and expression resembling a rat in a sitting posture.*

Many of the great accumulators of the world are large, broad, social, and amative men, full of life, with love of music and society, while nearly, if not all, of the petty accumulators and misers are small, shriveled, wrinkled specimens of humanity, and exercise their domestic sentiments in a very restricted manner where they use them at all; they avoid society for the reason that they cannot warm toward any one, for their shriveled, pinched, and parched lips tell us that the juices of the body are very deficient, and that the glands are lacking in functional activity. So surely does each feature, wrinkle, and attitude, as well as the walk and hand, reveal the internal condition of the physiology of the mind. All appearances in connection with the human body form a criteria of physiological truth, and Nature is prodigal of the signs, signals, and ethnic characters suited to the scansorial capabilities of all grades and shades of minds, from the infant up to the genius.

Let

The geometric outline of the body and form of each feature and limb reveals the entire man. It should be our first duty to understand thoroughly these signs which God has set before us in every department of Nature in the most affluent manner. the reader take, for example, the lower lip of the miser, dry, white, parched, thin, and wrinkled, and compare it with the full, moist, red, juicy lip of the normal or generous person, and he will soon be convinced that the comparison of resemblances and diversities is an excellent method for the study of physiognomy.

Tall, narrow-headed people have relatively less Acquisition than the short, round, and squat. The latter are given up to the

* Mysteries of the Head and Heart, J. Stanley Grimes, p. 60. Chicago.

pursuit of material things, while the former are more aspiring and lead in moral reform, sympathy, benevolence, etc. There is a great resemblance between the beasts of prey, such as the tiger and panther, and the forms of many of the great financiers,-Jim Fiske, of Erie Railroad notoriety, for example. He was short and round, with wide jaws, large mouth; broad, low forehead; heavy, drooping upper eyelid; broad through the head above the ears, and had the expression of a bull-dog. The Rothschilds, the celebrated Hebrew bankers of Europe, are rather short and broad, with capacious abdomens and wide heads; low, full foreheads; large and bright eyes, and short, muscular limbs and hands. This build always indicates predaceous energy. All successful merchants have a large share of muscle, and the chief characteristic of muscle in both man and animal is to grasp and hold on. This grasping propensity shows in the human family by love of trade in which one profits by the industry of another without himself producing any thing, preying alike upon the necessities of producer and consumer, and this is the basis of the present commercial system. It is precisely what the bird of prey does when he swoops down upon the toiling king-fisher and takes from him by force the fish he has wrested from the waves by the exercise of his strength and talents. The present commercial system is animal-like and based on dishonesty, oppression, and robbery. It is to be hoped that the "enlightened self-interest" of the people coupled with high ideas of justice will sweep away this system of injustice, and regulate the exchange of products in such manner as will insure the right reward to the producer and a just price for the consumer. The present revolt of the laboring classes tends in this direction, and doubtless a radical change will blot this and kindred evils out of existence.

Acquisitiveness is a most useful faculty when not excessive or perverted. The Oriental races-the Hindoo, the Arab, the Turk, the Hebrew, and Mongolian-possess a large share of Acquisitiveness, and in them the muscular system is in the ascendency, as it is in all the beasts and birds of prey. They are fond of trading and gaming, speculating, and lotteries. Many of them possess most avaricious dispositions, and prefer to gain at the expense of others' toil.

Many eminent men exhibit the signs for Acquisitiveness. George Washington's eye and nose are both evidences of the pres ence of this trait, but in him it was balanced by Reason, Conscience, and Benevolence; hence it was exhibited in his character by a wise and prudent administration of property and resources. Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Maxims" relating to economy

are known the world over, and in his case Acquisitiveness was balanced by other high traits,-Reason and Benevolence.

Many of the most eminent artists, poets, painters, singers, and writers have been noted for large Acquisitiveness,-not only for a desire to acquire fame and popularity, but for a desire to earn and retain money and property. The celebrated French actress, Mdlle. Rachel, in her last illness, it is said, would entertain herself for hours by tossing up oranges and gold pieces for toys, so great was her pleasure in handling gold. Others of the poetic brotherhood have shown themselves quite impractical in money matters; yet, as a rule, all of the artistic classes possess a large degree of Acquisitiveness. Whether they make good use of their gains or invest them judiciously depends upon other traits in combination. Jenny Lind and Patti have amassed fortunes and invested them with prudence, while many eminent poets have used their means, either inherited or earned, with care and forethought,-Tennyson, for example, and the sign for Acquisitiveness is quite large in his

nose.

Where Approbativeness is large in combination, fame, reputation, and adulation will be most desired. Those with small Caution, large Acquisitiveness, and small Conscientiousness will pursue dishonest plans and exhibit a love of gaming, betting, and lotteries; with large Friendship, Acquisition, Benevolence, and small Cautiousness they will do a great deal for friends and often go beyond their depths, and by signing notes for friends become bankrupt and impoverished; with a large mental system and Ideality they will accumulate books, objects of art, etc; with large Veneration added they will collect old coins, ancient books, and antiquities of all sorts; with large domestic traits and small social faculties they will do and expend more for the family and very little for society, and with large Secretiveness and Caution in combination they will manifest great prudence, care, and foresight in business.

Acquisitiveness is the distinguishing trait of development. Children and undeveloped races seldom lay up anything for future use. Many animals are more prudent and thoughtful for the future than many men among the civilized races, for the squirrel,, bee, beaver, rat, and dog lay by supplies for the sustentation of themselves and their offspring, thus teaching us that we are not entirely superior to the lowly beasts and insects, and that we share with them the development of all mental traits, differing in degree but not in kind. The more comparisons we institute among all departments of animate nature, the more evidence we shall accumulate of the fact that one mind, one life, and one spirit animate the entire circle of what we understand as existence.

CONSTRUCTIVENESS.

Definition.-The faculty which gives the artist, mechanic, and inventor the capacity for building, modeling, drawing, running machinery, and also bestows originality, skill, deftness, knack, and versatility, and gives flexibility to the muscular system. Large Constructiveness gives a sense of weight and an innate percep tion of the laws and operation of natural mechanical forces;

Born in Sweden, 1803. Principal facial sign, Constructiveness, shown by fullness of the sides of the nose, general form and size of the nose, size and shape of the forehead, and rounding out of the sides of the forehead. The law of the straight line, curve, and cube governs this countenance. The vegetative system is here well represented. Conscientiousness, Firmness, Love of Home, Patriotism, Friendship, Economy, Love of Young, Sanativeness, and Benevolence are all well defined. Amativeness is normal, while Self-esteem is most uncommonly large, showing the thorough independence and dignity of the man." The nose is broad in the back the entire length, and short relative t the length of the face, thus showing the dominance of mus

assists the musician, sculp

tor, painter, athlete, chessplayer, actor, novelist, and scientist.

An excess, when not balanced by reason and the practical faculties, leads to chimerical and impractical inventions,-"motors" that never move, and to useless and foolish mechanical contrivances.

A deficiency is shown by singular awkwardness in the handling of tools and in all constructive work. With Constructive

ness small, the character lacks originality and spon taneity, and shows very little ability to write well, draw, model, form, outline, operate machinery, or to learn readily the mechanism of the keyboard of the piano, or other musical instrument, or any mechanical principles; its absence makes one very unskillful in playing ball, in marksmanship, or in athletics.

cular structure. The signs for Sublimity, Acquisitive ness, Constructiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are exceedingly well developed. The signs for Form, Size, Observation, Weight, Locality, and Calculation are very large, and show the mechanical capacities of this mind. In the upper third of the face the signs

for Order, Time, Reason, and Intuition are immense. The quality is of the highest order.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The sign for Constructiveness in the nose is shown by fullness of that feature just above Acquisi tiveness, causing it to be well rounded out at the sides or alæ, just below the "bridge." Noses having an indentation at this part betoken a lack of artistic mechanism. Many other signs there are for this faculty; as it is a muscular trait, signs of its presence will

be found all over the body,-in the head and limbs, in the walk, voice, and gesture. Its basis being the muscular system, the rounded and curved individual is its best representative. Constructiveness may be known by a rounding out of the temples, erroneously described by phrenology as an "organ" at this point, but really caused by round bones and round muscles,-the combination that gives the highest capacity for construction. Other and secondary signs are seen in the large, full eyes; arched eyebrows, round ears, oval face, round head;

ulty for artistic construction is of the highest order only where the muscular system predominates over the bony system, together with a brain system of fine quality. Mechanical skill is of the highest order only where the bony system is in the ascendency. For the purposes of art the flexibility of the muscles must be perfect, and, as bones are not flexible, we find in all the artistic classes the domi

FIG. 80.-JOHN BUNYAN. (TINKER, PREACHER,
AUTHOR.)

Principal facial sign, Constructiveness, shown by fullness of the sides of the nose, form of the nose, and rounding out of the sides of the forehead. The law of the straight line and curve governs this face. This subject worked at a mechanical trade in early life, yet could neither read nor write until he arrived at manhood. This nose shows more literary than mechanical constructiveness. The domestic sentiments are well represented. Love of the beautiful in the opposite sex is shown by the dimpled chin, while Firmness, Conscientiousness, Patriotism, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Young, Mirthfulness, Modesty, Approbativeness, Friendship, and Color are most apparent. In the nose the signs for Mental Imitation, Human Nature, Hope, Analysis, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are conspicuous. Form, Size, Prescience, Credenciveness, Calculation, Order, Locality, Memory of Events, and Intuition are large. The extraordinary face of an extraordinary man.

nance of the muscular system in conjunction with a suitable brain and nervous system. The great masters of art, the most eminent actors, poets, orators, and writers, must possess, of course, more highly-specialized brains than the lower classes of muscular people. The mere athletes, dancers, singers, musicians, oarsmen, riflemen, and other professional sportsmen do not require so well-developed a brain nor so sensitive a nervous system as the higher classes of artists, although many of them are men of intelligence. Many