bred to the chase and use a great deal of reason, self-denial, and analytical power in adapting themselves to new conditions under new circumstances, and show great fertility of mental resource in assisting their masters. Birds are taught to sing and whistle and imitate the notes of other birds, while the parrot and mocking-bird are wonderful examples of the power of Mental Imitation in animals. Dr. Lindsay mentions the case of a paroquet that could speak several languages, and swear when it was enraged in both French and English. Of ants, it has been remarked by Darwin that "so high is their intelligence that in many senses they may be ranked with man." Elephants show a very high degree of both Mental and Physical Imitation, being trained to assist in many mechanical labors and in warfare, where they show great ingenuity. Orangs have been trained to imitate human beings at table, and spread their napkin over their breast, sit upright, , and take the cup, fork, spoon, and knife with all the dexterity if not the grace of a gentleman. Even fleas have been trained to perform in public, and small birds are taught to draw up water in little shells attached to a string when they want to drink. The fact that nearly every sort of animal and insect possesses both Mental and Physical Imitation is well known to all who have made any observation of their habits. Animals are possessed of all the traits which man exhibits, and surpass him in some of them.

SUBLIMITY.

"Look, then, abroad through Nature to the range

Of planets, suns, and adamantine spheres,

Wheeling unshaken through the void immense."-AKENSIDE.

Definition. The sense of grandeur and magnificence; nobility and loftiness of character; exaltation; appreciation of immensity; love and perception of the grand and sublime in Nature and character; comprehension of broad and vast schemes, plans, and systems, whether commercial, financial, governmental, scientific, or artistic; understanding of the far-reaching power of God's laws, as evidenced in the immensity of Nature. It is large in astrono mers, inventors, mechanicians, epic poets, historical painters, great orators, and talented composers, naturalists, and scientists.

Its excess is shown by an inflated and extravagant style of writing and speaking. It also leads to too large plans in business which, unless dominated by reason and practicality, end in disaster.

Its deficiency tends to narrowness of thought and deed, and divests the character of a sense of the grand and heroic; its absence is shown by low, petty, groveling, and commonplace ideas and actions. This class of minds have no conception of the

majesty of Nature, nor can they appreciate and understand the motives and character of those who move in the higher realms of life.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The most decided facial sign for Sublimity is seen in the peculiar development of the tip of the nose, causing the outer corners at the tip to be rounded and full externally to the signs for Ideality. Large, full eyes are a secondary sign, while symmetry and general high development of the body and mind are usually accompanied by a fair share of Sublimity.

DESCRIPTION OF SUBLIMITY.-As we have now advanced in our investigation of faculties into the literary and artistic group, the facial signs for which are situated in the lower third of the nose, at and about the tip, and, as we leave behind the study of the merely vegetative or domestic sentiments, we shall expect to find artistic, scientific, and literary signs in the countenances of those whose life-efforts attest the presence of the faculties best adapted to the creation and exhibition of such works.

Undeveloped persons and races reveal a very slight degree of the faculties the signs of which are so prominent here, yet many animals exhibit fine, artistic, and mechanical skill in the building of their homes and nests, as witness the beaver's dam, the mole's burrow, and the wonderfully ingenious nests of birds, spiders, ants, and bees. By comparing the talents and works of developed men and perfected animals with the works of undeveloped men and the lower animals, we shall find that evolution is the force or factor which has advanced certain races to such states of physical or physiological and anatomical perfection as to enable them to excel in thought and deed, in plan and performance, those who have remained at a much lower grade of physiological development.

Accordingly, we find that those fine constructive traits, the signs of which are seen in the noses of the greatest of the human race, are accompanied by bodies whose structure warrants us in believing that function and faculty develop pari passu, and thus it is that in those endowed with large Sublimity we observe the development of a fine quality of the muscles, also a fine and sensitive quality of the brain and nervous system, and this development always makes its impress upon the nose by creating greater breadth at the tip. The more we investigate the science of physiognomy, the more we shall become cognizant of the fact that advance of intelligence is always registered in the nasal organ, and the signs here displayed can be corroborated by reference to the structure of all parts of the body, as well as by observing the quality of the organism. Sublimity being the exclusive faculty of the most

developed minds, and being also the trait that is characteristic of all those who are endowed with the capacity, for comprehending and reproducing mental and material pictures of the vast and boundless works of Nature, we should naturally expect to find them furnished with bodies and faces in marked contrast to those who are mean, sordid, servile, miserly, currish, narrow, stupid, and obstinate. That there is a wide difference in the nasal appearance of these two classes can be easily demonstrated. Let the reader place

before him portraits of the most distinguished poets, painters, actors, heroes, orators, astronomers, philosophers, scientists, discoverers, and inventors by the side of a similar number of sneak-thieves, cowards, stupid and commonplace persons, and he will find that the bodies and countenances of the former are quite different in appear ance from the latter; he will find that the structure of the bodies of the former is more harmoniously proportioned; he will observe that the face is more symmetrical, and, above all, he will discover that the nose, particularly at the tip, is quite different in appearance every way from that of the lower class. The conclusions which we draw from the above in regard to the origin of Sublimity are that this faculty is dependent upon an equilibrated and per fected development of the mind and body. Now, I do not use the term perfected as expressing an absolute condition of perfection, but in a relative sense: I mean that one class of those mentioned are more advanced structurally,-are on a higher plane of evolutionary progression than those who are totally lacking in this trait.

FIG. 70.-SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM HER-
SCHEL. (ASTRONOMER.)

Born in England, 1792. Conspicuous facial sign, Sublimity, shown by roundness and width of the tip of the nose. The law of the straight line, square, and curve governs this face. In this great countenance we observe general development, The quality is very high. The signs for Conscientiousness, Firmness, Patriotism, Love of Home, Love of Young, Benevolence, Economy, Alimentiveness, Sanativeness, Self-esteem, and Friendship are well defined; while the mental signs in the nose, Sublimity, Mental Imitation, Hope, Analysis, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are uncommonly conspicuous. The faculties which create mathematical and geometrical ability are also large. Observe the signs for Form, Size, Weight, Locality, Calculation, Order, Time, and Memory of Events; while Reason and Intuition are of the highest order. The hair is corroborative of genius, being luxuriant and falling in a unique and strongly individualized manner.

The mental phase of Sublimity will now be discussed. One of the greatest aids to the scientist, who passes his time in project

ing his mental vision through the regions of space, is the faculty of Sublimity, or the appreciation of the grand in Nature and the illimitable and infinite in eternity. This sense is as useful to the astronomer as to the poet, and imparts as much enjoyment to him who revels in the knowledge of the infinitely great in this world as to the prophet who foresees and foretells the glories of the coming of the Kingdom of Heaven. The difference between these two persons is that one sees with the natural eye through the telescope, and the other

with the eye of the mind, through an exalted condition of the faculties of Credenciveness, Veneration, and Sublimity. In the case of the scientist the eye will be found relatively small, exact, and sheltered under a bony ridge, as are the eyes of good mechanics; while the eyes of prophets will be found large, bright, and in a "fine frenzy rolling," as is often seen in the physiognomies of poets and religious fanatics.

Sublimity gives to the character the love for the grand, majestic, and expansive in Nature, and the capacity to appreciate or enact the noble, heroic, and elevated in conduct and sentiment. It is adapted to the comprehension of the boundless range and com

FIG. 71.-CHARLES DARWIN. (NATURALIST,
DISCOVERER, AND AUTHOR.)

Born in England, 1809. Conspicuous facial sign, Sublimity. The law of the straight line, square, and curve governs this face. The signs for the osseous system, which is one of the dominant systems of this organism, assure us that the moral and domestic traits are normal. The nose is uncommonly developed, and exhibits large signs for Mental Imitation, Analysis, Ideality, Sublimity, Acquisitiveness, and Constructiveness; while Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are only of average size. Form and Size are very large. Observation is most uncommonly developed. Locality, Order, Memory of Events, Reason, and Intuition are of the highest order. The wrinkles of the forehead reveal honesty, honor, morality, and genius. Mr. Darwin's life was characterized by usefulness, patient industry, deep research, love of truth and purity, and a mild, wellbalanced disposition.

pass of Nature's illimitable space, and this is why it is found large in the character of astronomers, naturalists, and mechanical inventors. These classes of beings must have a trait which enables them to comprehend vast and mighty systems of laws, and this no narrow-minded person could do. Sublimity is a quality also of the patriotic orator, as well as of many of his hearers, whose feelings are aroused to action by the sublime utterances of a Webster, a Calhoun, a Patrick Henry, or a Pitt. Whenever the earnest orator is warmed to his highest pitch he meets with a ready response

from his listeners and kindles like emotions in their minds. All faculties have a dual action,-the one being executive and exhibited by acting or doing, the other being appreciative and manifested by feeling, enjoying, and criticising. While one can write a poem, others who cannot thus express their feelings often appreciate and enjoy it more than the one who writes it.

Sublimity, like Ideality, is an attribute of old and perfected. races, and its sign is quite generally observed in the faces of the Hebrew race. In them (as the majority of them are commercialists) it assumes the form of vast business enterprises, and whenever commercialists indicate the possession of this faculty they will invariably undertake grand schemes for the acquisition of wealth, as witness the Rothschilds and Baron de Hirsch, who have banking houses in many of the large cities of Europe, and who deal on a large scale with governments. Their ideas of grandeur will be confined, of course, to material things, yet when they evince a taste for the fine arts it will show itself in a love for oratory and grand music, in the building of massive structures, and in the purchase of magnificent works of art, such as colossal statuary, paintings that depict battle-scenes or great tragedies, etc. The prophets and poets of the Hebrew race, those whose writings express in the Psalms of the Old Testament the most exalted sentiments, assure us that they possessed an appreciation of the glorious and stupendous works of God. The Hebrew race has given to the world some of its sweetest singers, its most gifted dramatists and actresses, its grandest composers, its noblest philanthropists, and its most princely and successful bankers. Its physiognomical peculiarities tell us that it is a developed race, and the proof of this fact is within the reach of all who can lay aside prejudice and put scientific demonstration in its place. Among the musical composers of the race I may mention Meyerbeer, Mendelssohn, Sir Julius Benedict, Sir Michael Costa, and Halevy; of its singers, Pasta. Among its tragediennes, Mdlles. Rachel and Bernhardt and Adolphe Sonnental; of its writers, the names of Grace Aguilar, novelist; Heinrich Heine, Spinoza, Moses Mendelssohn, philosophic writers; Emma Lazarus, poetess; Benjamin D'Israeli, statesman and novelist; and Isaac Adolphe Crémieux, counselor, are well known. Among the great philanthropists the names of Sir Moses Montifiore and Baron de Hirsch will ever stand for all that is sympathetic and magnificently generous. The race has developed many fine painters and sculptors, among them Toby Rosenthal, painter. and Moses Ezekiel, sculptor, are renowned. Chief among its modern orators the fiery Gambetta stands supreme. Its princely bankers, the Rothschilds, are world-renowned.