of youth and the training of animals it is a most useful faculty where it is possessed in a balanced degree, giving agreeability of speech and manner, making people polite, courteous, and complimentary, and fostering and developing the many little acts of attention which the demands of hospitality and society require. It raises a spirit of emulation between shop-keepers and causes them to carry and display finer stock than their neighbors, gives a feeling of rivalry between athletes, oarsmen, marksmen, billiardists, and chess-players, and creates in prize-fighters a desire to pummel their opponents to death. Among scholars it arouses all the mental powers in order to

satisfy the ambitious desire to be at the head and win prizes, scholarships, and diplomas. Even generals, statesmen, and officers of every grade and station are more or less affected by its action.

It has its national sphere of action, and some nations as a whole possess this approbative sense in a marked degree. The French are wonderfully permeated by it; one might say they are saturated with it, for their national glory is a subject dear to the heart of every Frenchman. Their pride of their manners, dress, and industrial and artistic achievements is most extraordinary.

FIG. 39.-JOHANN CHRISTOPH VON GLÜCK. (MUSICAL COMPOSER AND AUTHOR.)

Born in Germany, 1714. Conspicuous facial sign, Approbativeness, shown by dimples in the outer part of the cheeks. The law of the curve and straight line governs this face. Here are revealed artistic and inventive faculties of a high order. The domestic nature is strongly manifested. Amativeness, Mirthfulness, Love of Young and of Home are equal in development to Benevolence, Conscientiousness, Friendship, and Hospitality. The literary and artistic powers are shown by the signs for Ideality, Mental Imitation, Sublimity, Analysis, Constructiveness, Veneration, Form, Size, Locality, Color, Language, Music, Time, Memory of Events, and Intuition.

Much in contrast to the English, who yet have quite enough of it. Approbativeness assists the cause of morality by making men and women conform to the established laws and rules of society, under penalty of "being talked about," losing their good name, etc. For fear of being held up to scorn and contempt, bad people hide their evil deeds from the light of day, and this is the only compensation they could make to society, for their wickedness, for example, is contagious, and "hypocrisy is the tribute which vice pays to virtue." Concealment of crime is better than its bold and open practice; yet love of truth and honor for their own sakes

is a higher motive. If Conscience is wanting in a character, Approbativeness is a good substitute, stimulating the individual to good deeds and great efforts in order to win the commendation of his friends; yet a fair share is beneficial to all, for the most honorable man, if blunt and too outspoken, creates enemies, makes no one happier by this course, and often defeats his own good purposes.

Perhaps the greatest abuse and perversion of this faculty is found in its leading the community to perpetuate extravagant follies in pursuance of what they term "following the fashions." The injuries done to the body by the silly and unthinking devotees to corsets, tight shoes, false hair, and paddings cannot be too strongly condemned, for they lead to gross immoralities as well as to physical deformities. As an instance of how far the deformity produced by corsets and tight waists has spread, I may state that I do not think I have ever seen a civilized woman with a waist of normal dimensions, for no woman can be said to have a waist and body of normal shape if it slope at all inward from the bust to the hips. Normal waists, such as are seen in the statues of the Venus de Medici and other female ideals, exhibit the outlines of the waist curving outward from below the bust. The fashionable style induces just the opposite form, and this deformity continued through several generations has produced myriads of misshapen men and women who are afflicted with pains and disorders induced by this malformation and vitiated condition of all their internal organs; and all this is cheerfully and smilingly borne in deference to fashion's decree.. Women of uncommon strength of mind submit to this mode of torture rather than appear singular or bear the criticisms of others upon their hardihood in wearing a sensible and healthful dress. There are other evils by the score that are prompted by overindulgence in Approbativeness, but I rank this as the very worst one possible, for whatever vitiates, deforms, and weakens the body of the mother of the race demoralizes all her offspring, and demoralization commences in the physical constitu tion of man.

There is in regard to Approbativeness a universally erroneous public opinion. It is thought that vanity (which is the excess of this trait) is pre-eminently a feminine characteristic, and that man, the "lord of creation," possesses very little Approbativeness or vanity as compared to woman. Now, all the facts of Nature attest that the converse of this is true, for in looking over the males of the animal kingdom we find them to be possessed of "ornaments of all sorts, such as combs, wattles, protuberances, horns, airdistended sacs, topknots, naked shafts, plumes, and lengthened

feathers, gracefully springing from all parts of the body." In the human family we find that the male is in nearly all races furnished with a beard and moustache, and a feature so universally peculiar to the male sex and so pronounced in appearance is worthy investigation, for it certainly must be the outward indication of something inward. Nature never creates a feature without intending it for a double purpose, and therefore she causes it to reveal both its uses and meaning.

Now, what is the meaning, the logic of these extra ornamental appendages observed in the males of animal as well as of the human species? In answer to this let me state that in tracing the signification of phenomena in the human family I always study first similar appearances and characteristics in the lower races, and here I usually get both the clue and verification. Now, the males in the various bird tribes which are endowed with combs, wattles, long plumes, sacs, spots, and uncommonly brilliant plumage, such, for example, as the peacock, the turkey-cock, the resplendent trogon, the bird of Paradise, the Argus pheasant, the Solise pheasant, the several varieties of the gallinacea or domestic poultry, such as grouse, quail, partridge, cocks, and game-cocks, show by their conduct the use, effect, and meaning of these extra ornamental appendages. Their use is to attract the opposite sex by ruffling their brilliant plumage, erecting their combs, filling out their air-sacs, coloring their wattles by filling them with blood, spreading their tails, and distending their throats, as do the pigeons and other birds. When their feathery toilet is "got up" to suit their vain conceits, they strut and gabble, whistle and prance, whirl and wheel up and down before the plain and humble females as much as to say, "Look at me! Am I not a grand and gorgeous creature?" The effect of this extra and peculiar personal ornamentation is to create vanity, love, and desire for display and approbation in these feathered beaux, and tends to develop vanity by its excess. In still lower orders of the animal kingdom we find that the males in most instances are endowed with extra ornamental appendages, such as bright-colored spots. As low down as the coleoptera or beetle tribes even, and in the lepidoptera or butterfly and moth families, the males are furnished with more brilliant plumage, down, and markings, stripes, and spots than the females. The same law obtains in the arachnidæ, or the spider family; also in the crustacea, or shell-animals, both of marine and land tribes; and all are familiar with the appearance of the extra hair, mane, horns, and colorings of the male lion, tiger, sheep, goat, and deer. Even among fishes the males of some species are more brilliantly colored and spotted than the females. In the

human species the beard and moustache correspond to the hirsute beards and hairy and feathered ornaments in the animal kingdom, and they point to precisely the same result, viz., Approbativeness, and, in excess, vanity, for these well-marked sexual characteristics are relied upon by man, consciously or unconsciously, to attract the opposite sex, just as the males of the lower races rely upon their extra charms to attract their female friends.

The beard and moustache serve as a benefactor to some men, for the beard of the chin conceals deficient Conscientiousness, Patriotism, Love of Home, and Firmness. The moustache conceals lack of Self-esteem, Modesty, Amativeness, and Love of Children. Providence has been very kind indeed to our brothers, for it has bestowed upon them a sort of masked battery behind which they are able to conceal the poverty as well as the wealth of the garri son, and so get poor, defenseless females to capitulate without at all knowing its deficiencies. We should have no defense in this direction did not scientific physiognomy come to our aid and per mit us to unveil and interpret every appearance of each feature of the face.

The proof that man is generally more innately vain than woman is not far to seek, for the boasting which nearly all men and youth indulge in in regard to their power over the minds of females is so common and universal as to be within the knowledge of all. Women, on the contrary, are not so universally conceited on this point, but, like Barkis, are "willin"" to try their power for charming the other sex, but do not possess that supreme confidence which makes some men in their second childhood even believe themselves to be irresistible when they sue for and obtain the hand of a girl of sixteen. Good, square common sense, untinctured with vanity, would lead those old patriarchs who marry young girls to understand that such unions are abhorrent to natural law; yet vanity inborn in regard to the opposite sex leads hundreds of octogenarians to perpetrate the folly of marrying a playmate for their grandchildren. Old women rarely commit the folly of marrying young men, and then in most instances it is either to mother some helpless boy or to transmit property, or to secure a disinterested custodian to protect property interests, etc.

I find that men, as a rule, are not as vain about their clothes and outward appearance as women. The reason for this is obvious. Woman, not possessing the extra personal ornaments and allabounding confidence which man has in regard to the opposite sex, relies upon clothing, neatness, sweetness of manner, accom plishments, etc., to attract man, and this is her form of endeavor ing to gain approbation, esteem, and compliments from him. Those

who flatter and praise most are the most susceptible to flattery, and man, being more given to flatter than woman, gets a return with interest when any point is to be gained; yet he invariably receives these attentions as though his own real worth or personal appearance called them forth, while all the time woman is only taking advantage of his weakness and playing upon his vanity. So intuitive is the female mind in the direction of human nature that little girls, even, will take a most intelligent manner of wheedling and coaxing their fathers for anything which they wish, and they are not long in finding out the most accessible and "softest" spot in their characters to aim at.

Well-chosen commendation given to one's children or those one is teaching-to servants and employés-proves a powerful incentive toward better conduct and greater efforts, while great care should be exercised to not spoil children by continually sounding their praises before them,—a course calculated to weaken character and induce vanity.

A few words of appreciation from friends often stimulates the scholar, author, and artist to their best, and gives them a real substantial strength and courage under difficulties. Yet Approbativeness, like all good and useful traits, can be abused and made to produce just the opposite effect from its normal mission.

FRIENDSHIP.

Definition." An attachment to a person, proceeding from intimate acquaintance and a reciprocation of kind offices, or from a favorable opinion of the amiable and respectable qualities of his mind."-WEBSTER. Also, affiliation, love of association and cooperation, love of visiting and sociability, neighborly feeling, and congeniality.

An excess of Friendship produces a silly, gushing manner, and leads one to neglect his own duties for the sake of the objects of his friendly solicitude.

A deficiency of Friendship causes unsociability and indifference to the comfort of others. It engenders selfishness and a distaste for friendly associations, such as societies and festive gatherings.

Facial and Bodily Signs.-The physiognomical signs of Friendship are known by a fullness of the upper and soft part of the cheek, over and below the malar bone. This faculty presents different phases in combination with the several systems of functions, being either physical, mental, or sentimental, according to the system which is the dominant or controlling one in the individual. Kissing, embracing, and petting are the natural language